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131.
Zou Wenbo 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2013,11(2):68-74
Abstract In light of the practical need for research to inform policy in Beijing, this study evaluates the economic cost of the impact of PM10 pollution in Beijing from 2001 to 2006, taking health as the main impact, and mortality as the main outcome. Based on the literature review, this study adopts relatively conservative parameters as the basis for calculating the health impacts. It concludes that nearly 30% of mortality among registered residents above age 30 in Beijing can be attributed to PM10 pollution, and that the economic cost equals 0.8%–1.2% of the city’s GDP over the same period. This is lower than the results of previous studies, but still high enough to warrant a commitment to solve the city’s air pollution problem. 相似文献
132.
Robert S. Yates 《黑龙江环境通报》2004,24(13):1143-1149
Examination of the fetal heart has become an established part of mid-trimester anomaly scanning. Along side this has emerged the ability to diagnose congenital heart disease in the fetus with accuracy. Despite this, the development of screening programmes to look for fetal cardiac disease has only been partially successful. Furthermore, when detected, there seems to be little survival advantage associated with prenatal diagnosis. Demonstrating such an advantage is complicated by the nature of fetal cardiac disease, which tends to be severe and is often associated with extra-cardiac abnormalities. More selective studies, mostly involving small numbers of cases, are now beginning to demonstrate both improved survival and reduced morbidity in prenatally diagnosed infants presenting to cardiac intensive care units compared to those with a postnatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
133.
134.
Sheikh Imran Uddin Ahmed 《环境质量管理》2019,29(2):51-55
This study reports the probability of increased mortality of people within the political border of Bangladesh due to the emission of fine particulate matter with diameters of 2.5 microns or less (PM2.5) from the Matarbari coal power plant (MCPP). A Gaussian plume dispersion model has been used for this estimation. The PM2.5 emission rate data are unavailable as the construction of MCPP is still in its initial stage; therefore, the anticipated PM2.5 emission rate has been estimated based on data from a number of coal‐fired power plants in India and China. To make this study more meaningful, two different emission rates have been considered representing the best‐case and worst‐case scenarios. In both cases, the intake fraction has been found to be 0.12×10?2, and the value of relative risk varies between 1.134 and 1.374, respectively. Finally, it is estimated that approximately 11.5 million people inside Bangladesh will be exposed to the PM2.5 emission from MCPP, and between 7,667 and 17,675 people will experience premature death every year. 相似文献
135.
136.
Carola Borries 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,41(3):139-150
In the seasonally breeding langur (Presbytis entellus) population of Ramnagar, South Nepal, where multimale groups prevail, 25 attacks on 11 infants (including one actual killing)
by seven adult males were witnessed in five groups by six observers between 1990 and 1996. Circumstantial evidence also indicates
three additional attempts at infanticide and in seven additional cases infanticide was presumed or likely. Infanticide presumably
accounted for 30.8–62.5% of infant mortality in the first 2 years of life. Most attackers (91.4%) were residents of the infants'
group and had immigrated after the infants had been born (75.0%) or conceived (25.0%). Thus, they were not related to the
victims. The interbirth interval was shortened if an infant died either prior to September of its 1st year of life (mean = 1.2
years), or its 2nd year (mean = 2.0) and even its 3rd year (mean = 2.4). All attackers remained in the group at least until
the next mating season; high-ranking males maintained their dominance rank and lower-ranking males rose in rank. Since rank
and mating success were correlated and rank and reproductive success might be correlated, all attackers had a good chance
of siring the next infant of the victims' mothers and could thus have benefited by their action. Infanticide seems to be a
male reproductive strategy at Ramnagar. Infanticide has never before been reported among seasonally breeding langurs living
at such low densities. This is also the first detailed report of infanticide as a male reproductive strategy in a seasonally
breeding primate population.
Received: 19 December 1996 / Accepted after revision: 7 June 1997 相似文献
137.
Yazbeck C Kloppmann W Cottier R Sahuquillo J Debotte G Huel G 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2005,27(5-6):419-427
Objective: To evaluate health impact of boron in drinking water. Methods: A regional scale geographical study in Northern France was conducted. Assessment of boron blood levels in a group of 180
healthy individuals and correlation with boron content in drinking water were followed by an assessment of health indicators
such as birth rates, mortality rates, and sex ratios in zones of different boron content in drinking water. Results: After necessary adjustments, men living in municipalities with more than 0.30 mg/L of boron in drinking water had elevated
but not significant boron blood levels compared with those living in municipalities with boron water levels of less than 0.30 mg/L
(159.1 versus 123.0 ng/g; p > 0.05). The standardized birth ratio adjusted for the reference geographic zone and calendar time period was 1.07 and 1.28
in the low and high (>0.3 mg/L) boron content municipalities, respectively. The birth rate in municipalities with high boron
content in drinking water was higher than that of the reference geographic zone and of the French general population (p < 10-4). The standardized mortality ratio adjusted for the reference geographic zone and calendar time period was 0.94 and 0.92
in the low and high boron content municipalities, respectively. The mortality rate in municipalities with high boron content
in drinking water was less than that of the reference geographic zone and of the French general population (p < 10-3). No statistical difference was noted in the male–female sex ratios between the different municipality zones (p = 0.45). Conclusions: The results of this study do not support the idea of a deleterious effect of boron on human health, at the boron water level
contents found in this specific region. In fact, there is a tendency toward a beneficial effect with low-dose environmental
exposure (less than 1 mg/L of boron) in drinking water. 相似文献
138.
Variations in the birth sex ratio and neonatal mortality in a natural herd of horses 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Anne-Marie Monard Patrick Duncan Hervé Fritz Claudia Feh 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,41(4):243-249
Variations in birth sex ratios and sex differences in juvenile mortality occur in a number of mammalian species, and in many
cases have been linked to resource availability. Most of these biases in offspring sex ratios concern polygynous species with
pronounced sexual dimorphism, and where females only are philopatric. Data on species with unusual life-history strategies,
such as slight sexual dimorphism or dispersal by both sexes, are of particular interest. In this study of a natural herd of
horses (Equus caballus) which experienced an eruptive cycle, and therefore a period of nutritional stress, male offspring had higher neonatal mortality
rates in nutritionally poor years than in good ones, whereas “year quality” had no effect on the mortality of female offspring;
year quality could therefore be used by mares as predictor of sex-specific offspring survival. We show that the environmental
conditions that predicted lower survival of males were negatively related to their production: the birth sex ratio the following
year was female-biased; and mares were less likely to produce a son when they had produced a son the preceding year. There
was no significant effect of mother's parity, age or rank, or the timing of conception or birth on offspring sex ratios. The
mechanism leading to biases in the birth sex ratio could have been the loss of male embryos by mares that did not foal. As
there was no evidence for selective abortion of male foetuses in females that did foal the next year, it is not necessary
to invoke maternal adjustment, though this remains a possibility. Finally, there was a suggestion that male offspring were
more costly to raise than females, since mothers that reared a son in poor years tended to experience an increase in the interbirth
interval between their two subsequent offspring.
Received: 28 December 1996 / Accepted after revision: 27 July 1997 相似文献
139.
George M. Leigh William S. Hearn Kenneth H. Pollock 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2006,13(1):89-108
Instantaneous natural mortality rates and a nonparametric hunting mortality function are estimated from a multiple-year tagging
experiment with arbitrary, time-dependent fishing or hunting mortality. Our theory allows animals to be tagged over a range
of times in each year, and to take time to mix into the population. Animals are recovered by hunting or fishing, and death
events from natural causes occur but are not observed. We combine a long-standing approach based on yearly totals, described
by Brownie et al. (1985, Statistical Inference from Band Recovery Data: A Handbook, Second edition, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, Resource Publication, 156), with an exact-time-of-recovery
approach originated by Hearn, Sandland and Hampton (1987, Journal du Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer, 43, 107–117), who modeled times at liberty without regard to time of tagging. Our model allows for exact times of release
and recovery, incomplete reporting of recoveries, and potential tag shedding. We apply our methods to data on the heavily
exploited southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii). 相似文献
140.
Effects of Road Fencing on Population Persistence 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Abstract: Roads affect animal populations in three adverse ways. They act as barriers to movement, enhance mortality due to collisions with vehicles, and reduce the amount and quality of habitat. Putting fences along roads removes the problem of road mortality but increases the barrier effect. We studied this trade-off through a stochastic, spatially explicit, individual-based model of population dynamics. We investigated the conditions under which fences reduce the impact of roads on population persistence. Our results showed that a fence may or may not reduce the effect of the road on population persistence, depending on the degree of road avoidance by the animal and the probability that an animal that enters the road is killed by a vehicle. Our model predicted a lower value of traffic mortality below which a fence was always harmful and an upper value of traffic mortality above which a fence was always beneficial. Between these two values the suitability of fences depended on the degree of road avoidance. Fences were more likely to be beneficial the lower the degree of road avoidance and the higher the probability of an animal being killed on the road. We recommend the use of fences when traffic is so high that animals almost never succeed in their attempts to cross the road or the population of the species of concern is declining and high traffic mortality is known to contribute to the decline. We discourage the use of fences when population size is stable or increasing or if the animals need access to resources on both sides of the road, unless fences are used in combination with wildlife crossing structures. In many cases, the use of fences may be beneficial as an interim measure until more permanent measures are implemented. 相似文献