辽宁本溪大气颗粒物浓度特征

利用本溪大气成分监测站2008年3月至2009年2月大气颗粒物监测仪GRIMM180的连续监测资料,对该地区大气颗粒物的质量浓度变化、谱分布特征以及大气颗粒物与气象因素的关系进行分析研究.结果表明,本溪PM10和PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为0.086 mg.m-3和0.058 mg.m-3,其日平均质量浓度变化幅度较大;冬季和夏季质量浓度日变化均呈现明显的双峰双谷特征;数浓度谱分布较好地符合Junge分布;PM10日平均值超标率为8.7%,且大气颗粒物主要是以细粒子的形式存在;随风速的增大大气颗粒物质量浓度基本呈现逐渐减小的趋势,当风速〉0.6 m.s-1时,大气颗粒物质量浓度随风速增大下降明显,风速〉3.0 m.s-1时,下降的趋势减缓;降水过程对大气颗粒物有清除作用,其中对粗粒子的清除效果非常明显.     

北京市公交车内噪声监测与分析

公交车内噪声环境是影响驾驶员、售票员以及乘客乘车环境的重要物理因素.鉴于此,选取了北京3类15辆公交车进行了测量与分析.结果显示,北京公交车内噪声LAeq最高达到了79.6dB(A),噪声污染级最高达到91.9dB(A),交通噪声指数最高达96.3dB(A).显示北京公交车内噪声污染较为严重.此外对不同测点位置、不同类型车辆的噪声水平进行了方差分析.测点位置、车辆类型以及其交互效应均不存在显著差异(P＞0.05).频谱分析显示,车内噪声以低频为主,且呈现出显著的线性特征.铰链式公交车的部分高频成分较为显著.进一步计算发现NCB值均较高,车内存在较显著隆隆声和振动感,铰链式车辆的NCB值也显著高于其他两类公交车.为降低公交车内噪声强度,防止司售人员和乘客所处声环境的进一步恶化,建议相关部门采取有效措施进行控制.     

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶的波谱学数据与结构分析

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶是重要的农药中间体.以3-甲基吡啶为原料通过光氯化反应合成2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,经分离后得到纯度为99.5%的产品.利用红外(IR)、紫外(UV)、质谱(MS)、核磁共振(NMR)等实验技术研究了其波谱学特征,详细讨论了该化合物的1HNMR、13CNMR谱,并对所有1HNMR、13CNMR谱的信号进行了归属.讨论了红外吸收特征峰对应官能团的振动形式,样品的官能团与目标化合物一致.该方法为此类化合物的结构解析提供了有益的分析依据.     

地基基础与建筑场地类别划分

基于与建筑地基震害密切相关的地基土性状及基础条件,讨论了岩土工程勘察设计工作中关于场地土和建筑场地类别划分的主要依据,提出了对我国现行《建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011 2001)》进行基础埋深、覆盖层厚度和复合地基的地基土性状的修正, 并经场地土层地震反应分析论述了进一步划分建筑场地类别的必要性和可能性。以北京的2个典型工程场地为代表,分别讨论了基础埋深和覆盖层厚度对建筑场地类别划分的影响,并通过场地土层地震反应分析,得到自然地面上、基础埋深处土层的反应谱,同时也计算了在考虑或不考虑低速粘性土夹层情况下对土层地震反应结果的影响程度。最后,根据综合峰值加速度、加速度反应谱最大值的对比结果认为对原有的建筑场地类别划分方法有必要进行修正。     

南淝河不同排口表层沉积物DOM光谱特征

在南淝河15个排口采集了表层沉积物样品,在测定了其中溶解性有机碳(SDOC)含量的同时,采用紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱分析方法,并结合PARAFAC模型对沉积物中溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光组分和来源进行了解析.结果表明:南淝河不同排口表层沉积物SDOC的含量在0.28~0.95g/kg之间,平均为0.63g/kg;老城区采样点沉积物SDOC明显高于其他河段,特别是靠近污水厂尾水排放口沉积物SDOC明显高于其他采样点.南淝河沉积物紫外-可见光吸收系数aλ可以很好表征沉积物DOM含量相对大小,而光谱斜率S275-295和光谱斜率比SR反映出各采样点沉积物DOM中自生源组分的差异;利用PARAFAC模型解析出DOM四种荧光组分,其中较老的自生源腐殖质C2和新近类蛋白C4所占比例高.南淝河不同排口沉积物DOM自生源组分比例存在显著差异,其中老城区排口沉积物DOM以自生源组分为主,而上游排口沉积物DOM陆源组分所占比例较高,雨污排口和污水厂尾水排口虽以自生源为主,但陆源的贡献不可忽略.结果表明,光谱分析方法能够有效表征城市河道不同排口污染源强.     

含生物质炭城市污泥堆肥中溶解性有机质的光谱特征

以外源添加生物质炭的城市污泥堆肥过程中溶解性有机质(DOM)为研究对象,讨论了其紫外-可见和荧光光谱特征变化.结果表明:与对照组相比,外源添加生物质炭的处理其堆肥DOM的芳香性和腐殖化程度更高,有利于提高堆肥的腐熟度,且外源添加花生壳炭的处理较添加小麦秸秆炭的处理更有利于堆肥腐熟度的提高.外源添加花生壳炭的处理在堆肥21d后,其堆肥腐熟度可能达到峰值,而外源添加小麦秸秆炭的处理其堆肥腐熟度则随着堆肥时间的进行而增加.对照组和处理组堆肥DOM的FI>0.7,BIX>0.8,表明其来源为自生源,可能与微生物对有机物的降解有关.因此,通过对城市污泥堆肥过程中DOM的光谱特征分析,能较好地评估城市污泥堆肥腐熟度的情况.     

Statistical modeling of radiolytic (60Co g) degradation of Ofloxacin,antibiotic: Synergetic effect,kinetic studies & assessment of its degraded metabolites

Linear, interactive and quadratic effects of process parameters were studied. Degradation of Ofloxacin (Ofx) was related with G value of irradiation process. The synergistic effect of H₂O₂ on lower dose of g-irradiation was established. The process follows pseudo first order with dose constant (d = 0.232 kGy^–1). The impact of human activities in the past few decades has paved the way for the release of pollutants due to the improper effluent treatment. Recent studies revealed that, Ofloxacin, an antibiotic as one of the major pollutant affecting surface water and ground water. In this study, the radiolytic potential of Ofloxacin was investigated. The effects of pH, dose and concentration of Ofloxacin were analyzed using One Factor At a Time (OFAT) and the interactive effects between the parameters were studied using Face Centered Central Composite Design. The statistically optimised developed model shows 30% degradation at initial antibiotic concentration of 1mM at pH 3.0 and at 2 kGy dose of gamma ray. The process efficiency was evaluated in terms of G value and its correlation with the concentration of antibiotic was also established. The process of degradation was augmented by the addition of H₂O₂ (1.5 mM). The reaction kinetics for the process was evaluated, the dose rate constant and the rate of degradation for the augmented process was found to be 0.232 kGy^-1 and 0.232 mM/kGy, respectively. The degraded metabolites of the radiolytic degradation of Ofloxacin were analyzed through change in pH, reduction in TOC and GC-MS spectrum.     

膜-生物反应器中荧光物质对膜污染的影响

采用三维荧光(EEM)技术对膜-生物反应器(MBR)运行过程中进出水、膜面溶解性污染物、溶解性微生物(SMP)和胞外聚合物(EPS)进行分析,并对各运行条件下荧光强度与膜污染速率进行比较.结果表明:各工况膜污染顺序为工况1(0.55 kPa/d)<工况3(1.37 kPa/d)<工况2(1.71 kPa/d)<工况4(3.69 kPa/d),SMP中的类蛋白质和类富里酸,以及EPS中的类蛋白质和类腐殖酸,均与各工况膜污染速率呈一致的变化趋势,而膜面溶解性污染物中的类蛋白质荧光峰则与膜污染速率没有明显的关系,说明在膜表面积累的荧光物质可能与其他有机物共同作用影响了膜污染速率.      

温室气体光声光谱检测系统的建立及效果分析

“双碳”目标下,温室气体在线长期稳定监测技术是全面掌握温室气体排放及其环境、气候效应,并预测未来变化趋势的重要保障。为了实时在线监测工业生产现场等环境温室气体浓度及其变化趋势,及时采取相应措施,在分析光声光谱信号产生机理及多组分气体混合监测原理的基础上,根据温室气体的主要成分,分析其吸收光谱特性,基于光声光谱的多组分温室气体的定性和定量监测技术,搭建温室气体光声光谱在线监测实验平台,分析监测器内部噪声和环境温度、湿度等外部影响因素,并通过现场测试,分析试验数据,应用吸附法降低内外部因素的影响。结果表明,对称安装传声器和非共振式光声腔能有效削弱外部噪声对测试结果的影响;空气净化器能降低空气中水蒸气和其他气体对测试结果的影响;低、高浓度混合气体监测结果偏差均小于0.5,与GC测试结果偏差小于10%。应用光声光谱技术的环境温室气体监测技术监测范围宽,选择性好,且监测精度达10^-6,适用于环境温室气体浓度在线监测。     

Size assessment in simulated territorial encounters between male green frogs (Rana clamitans)

We examined the ability of male green frogs to assess the size of an opponent based on the dominant frequency of their advertisement call, which is negatively correlated with size, using synthetic stimuli to simulate intruders of different sizes. In one field playback experiment, we broadcast a pair of stimuli representing a small and a large male; in a second experiment, we broadcast calls of a medium and a large male. In both experiments, males produced calls with significantly lower dominant frequencies in response to each stimulus. Contrast analyses revealed that males lowered the dominant frequency of their calls more in response to the large-male stimulus than in responses to the small- and medium-male stimuli. In the second experiment, males also responded to the large-male stimulus by calling at higher rates. There were no differences in mean note duration or the number of moves made toward or around the playback speaker in response to any stimulus. Thus, the frequency of an opponent's calls elicits a differential modification of calling behavior, primarily in the form of differential dominant frequency alteration, suggesting that males use dominant frequency to assess the size of opponents during aggressive encounters. Received: 17 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 7 October 1998