基于LabVIEW和Arduino的无人机辐射监测系统设计与实现

目的克服传统环境核辐射监测的局限性,设计一种搭载GM计数管的固定翼无人机进行高空远距离环境核辐射剂量率监测的系统。方法系统通过编程简单、拓展强等开发特点的Arduino单片机完成探测器的硬件设计,同时利用LabVIEW的强大VISA通讯模块实现地面站的设计,最后借助无人机自驾仪Pixhack以实现对无人机稳定可靠控制。结果系统地面站操作界面简洁,测量数据图表直观。探测器对于放射源具有较好的计数响应。Pixhack对飞行平台有良好的稳定和控制作用。结论系统借助GM计数管作为辐射探测器探头,能够完成高空远程辐射监测任务,在结构设计仍具有很大的拓展空间,可满足日常环境核辐射本底剂量率普查,以及核应急、大范围辐射监测、远程辐射监测等任务。     

Study of the situation deduction of a domino accident caused by overpressure in LPG storage tank area

The production and storage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is gradually becoming larger and more intensive, which greatly increases the risk of the domino effect of an explosion accident in a storage tank area while improving production and management efficiency. This paper describes the construction of the domino effect scene of an explosion accident in an LPG storage tank area, the analysis of the characteristics of the LPG tank explosion shock wave and the target storage tank failure, and the creation of an ANSYS numerical model to derive the development trend and expansion law of the domino accident in the LPG storage tank area. The research showed that: 400 m³ tank T1 explosion shock waves spread to T2, T4, T5, T3, and T6, and the tank overpressures of 303 kPa, 303 kPa, 172 kPa, 81 kPa, and 61 kPa respectively. The critical values of the target storage tank failure overpressure-range threshold were 70 kPa and 60 m. After the explosion of the initial unit T1 tank, at 38 ms, the T2 and T4 storage tanks failed and exploded; at 56 ms, the T5 storage tank exploded for the third time; at 82 ms, the T3 storage tank exploded for the fourth time; and at 102 ms, the T6 storage tank exploded for the fifth time. With the increase of explosion sources, the failure overpressure of the target storage tank increased, and the interval between explosions continuously shortened, which reflected the expansion effect of the domino accident. The domino accident situation deduction in the LPG storage tank area provided a scientific basis for the safety layout, accident prevention and control, emergency rescue, and management of a chemical industry park.     

Evaluation on consequences prediction of fire accident in emergency processes for oil-gas storage and transportation by scenario deduction

This paper takes the safety in emergency processes as the starting point, from the perspective of scenario deduction, to study the consequences of fire accidents for oil-gas storage and transportation. Through the statistical analysis of actual accident cases, 19 frequently occurring basic scenarios in emergency processes are summarized. The scenario evolution paths of fire accidents for oil-gas storage and transportation are given by analyzing the evolution law of the accident development. Fuzzy numbers are introduced to express experts' qualitative judgment on accident scenarios. The empirical probabilities of scenario nodes are obtained by defuzzification calculation, and the state probability of each scenario node is calculated by using the dynamic Bayesian network joint probability formula. Under the comprehensive consideration about the probability statistics of actual accident cases, the critical scenario nodes on the evolution path and their final scenario probabilities are jointly determined to realize the optimization of the scenario evolution path. By constructing the correlation between the optimized scenario evolution path and the accident consequences, an accident consequence prediction model is established. The occurrence probability of accident consequences is calculated by the defuzzification method and dynamic Bayesian network. The accuracy of the consequence prediction model is verified by the July 16 Dalian's Xingang Harbor oil pipeline explosion accident. The research results provide scientific basis for helping decision makers to make the effective emergency measures that are most conducive to the rapid elimination of accidents and reducing the severity of accident consequences.     

交通事故信息管理与时空分布分析

交通事故发生点具有明确的空间位置属性 ,其在空间和时间上的分布具有不均匀性 ,利用GIS技术能实现交通事故信息管理及其时空分布规律的研究。笔者在分析道路交通事故信息的基础上 ,采用全新的管理模式 ,利用空间数据库技术实现交通事故的空间、时间信息以及造成交通事故的人、车、路和环境等因素的一体化管理 ;通过GIS技术进行道路交通事故的时空分布分析 ,发现其在空间和时间上的分布规律 ;最后提出了交通事故管理与分析中需要进一步解决的几个问题。     

2016年11-12月国内生产安全事故统计分析

统计了2016年11-12月国内发生的各种生产安全事故135起,其中包括交通事故、矿业事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄漏与中毒和其他事故.统计表明,在135起事故中,交通事故占56.30％,矿业事故占8.15％,爆炸事故占7.41％,火灾占7.41％,毒物泄漏与中毒占3.70％,其他事故占17.04％.135起事故共死亡496人.死亡人数的百分比分别为交通事故50.60％,矿业事故13.51％,爆炸事故4.64％,火灾3.43％,毒物泄漏与中毒2.62％,其他事故25.20％.2016年11-12月生产安全事故发生较多的5个省分别为山东(24起)、云南(11起)、广东(10起)、四川(8起)和湖南(8起);死亡人数较多的5个省、自治区分别为江西(90人)、山东(49人)、云南(49人)、内蒙古(37人)和湖北(32人).     

适用于渤海海域浮式核电平台水动力特性研究基础与展望

针对海洋浮式核电平台的水动力特征问题,从核电平台作业海况、设计选型和研究手段三个方面进行了概述。对比核电平台与陆地核电站差异,提出了浮式海洋核电平台万年一遇的极限海况计算标准。对比论证了多种平台类型与系泊方式,确定了适合我国渤海海域的平台载体类型、系泊方式。介绍了核电平台研究的技术手段,从数值模拟、原型观测与模型试验等三个方面对目前常用的核电平台水动力分析方法进行了概述,最后指出了浮式核动力平台研究发展的方向。     

核废料储罐近域环境中温湿度长期演变预测

为获得核废料储罐与周围环境界面的温湿度信息,以便模拟不同地质处置时期储罐表面的腐蚀环境,通过对一些典型核能利用国家在高放核废料安全处置研究中对储罐表面温度的长期演变计算进行调研,结合不同埋藏模式推测出适于我国的核废料储罐表面温度演变规律。同时根据国内外对核废料储库中缓冲/回填材料饱和度的变化情况推测我国核废料储罐表面环境中膨润土含水量的时间演变趋势。研究表明,储罐表面初始时温度快速升高,至温度峰值后逐渐下降,为安全起见,最高温应设计低于100℃。膨润土的饱和度受到核废料衰变释热及地下水入渗的双重影响,早期以核废料衰变主导,后来受地下水入渗影响显著。一般认为储罐表面膨润土在3年左右含水量明显增加,约10年左右达到饱和。温湿度长期演变预测将为我国核废料储罐表面腐蚀演变研究奠定基础。     

含莠去津和乙草胺河水灌溉对苗期水稻危害的研究

本文以１９８８、１９９２和１９９３年洋河流域张家口市部分水稻田污染受害事故为背景，通过事故现场调查资料分析、洋河水质监测、宣化区污染源调查、水稻的药害暴露实验和模型计算，研究了含有除草剂莠去津和乙草胺的河水灌溉对苗期水稻的危害。结果显示，河水中莠去津和乙草胺对水稻苗期的安全灌溉浓度分别为０．０１ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ；河水中莠去津对水稻的致死浓度是０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ；ｐＨ、ＮＨ３－Ｎ和表面活性剂对这种危害作用具有一定的协同效应；为了满足河水对水稻的灌溉水质要求，污染源允许排放的莠去津和乙草胺分别为１．０ｋｇ／ｄ和２．０ｋｇ／ｄ。     

Toxic effects of selenium on marine fish

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ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION PATTERNS DUE TO RUSSIAN PACIFIC FLEET OPERATIONS

A probabilistic analysis of atmospheric transport and deposition patterns from two nuclear risk sites-Kamchatka and Vladivostok-situated in the Russian Far East to countries and geographical regions of interest (Japan, China, North and South Koreas, territories of the Russian Far East, State of Alaska, and Aleutian Chain Islands, US) was performed. The main questions addressed were the following: Which geographical territories are at the highest risk from hypothetical releases at these sites? What are the probabilities for radionuclide atmospheric transport and deposition on different neighboring countries in case of accidents at the sites? For analysis, several research tools developed within the Arctic Risk Project were applied: (1) isentropic trajectory model to calculate a multiyear dataset of 5-day forward trajectories that originated over the site locations at various altitudes; (2) DERMA long-range transport model to simulate 5-day atmospheric transport, dispersion, and deposition of 137Cs for 1-day release (at the rate of 10(10) Bq/s); and (3) a set of statistical methods (including exploratory, cluster, and probability fields analyses) for evaluation of trajectory and dispersion modeling results. The possible impact (on annual, seasonal, and monthly basis) of selected risk sites on neighboring geographical regions is evaluated using a set of various indicators. For trajectory modeling, the indicators examined are: (1) atmospheric transport pathways, (2) airflow probability fields, (3) fast transport probability fields, (4) maximum possible impact zone, (5) maximum reaching distance, and (6) typical transport time fields. For dispersion modeling, the indicators examined are: (1) time integrated air concentration, (2) dry deposition, and (3) wet deposition. It was found for both sites that within the boundary layer the westerly flows are dominant throughout the year (more than 60% of the time), increasing with altitude of free troposphere up to 85% of the time. For the Kamchatka site, the US regions are at the highest risk with the average times of atmospheric transport ranging from 3 to 5.1 days and depositions of 10(-1) Bq/m2 and lower. For the Vladivostok site, the northern China and Japan regions are at the highest risk with the average times of atmospheric transport of 0.5 and 1.6 days, respectively, and depositions ranging from 10(0) to 10(+2) Bq/m2. The areas of maximum potentially impacted zones are 30 x 10(4) km2 and 25 x 10(4) km2 for the Kamchatka and Vladivostok sites, respectively.