典型挥发性有机化合物在气体采样罐中的存储稳定性

选取了6种有代表性的挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）,异丙醇、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙烯酯、正己烷、苯和四氯化碳,实测了这些VOCs在气体采样罐（SUMMA罐）中的存储稳定性。结果表明：苯、正己烷和二氯甲烷在采样罐中均较稳定,其含量在84 d的存储期内基本无变化;乙酸乙烯酯在6个VOCs中最不稳定,在普通和惰性采样罐中含量均明显下降;异丙醇和四氯化碳的稳定性与采样罐的类型有关,在普通采样罐内含量下降明显,而在惰性采样罐内则相对稳定。实际监测工作中,为提高VOCs分析的准确性,如目标分析物有含氧类（醇,酮,酯等）或含卤素类VOCs,则采样后需尽快分析,同时尽量选择惰性采样罐为采样容器。     

石化企业储罐大呼吸损耗影响因素的分析

储罐是石化行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放源的重要组成部分。采用美国环保署推荐的储罐VOCs排放量计算公式,以云南某炼化企业的典型热渣油立式固定顶罐以及北京某石化企业的汽油外浮顶罐和甲苯内浮顶罐为基准案例进行储罐大呼吸损耗量的计算,考察了其影响因素,总结出影响储罐大呼吸损耗的关键参数,并有针对性地提出降耗措施。结果表明:影响固定顶罐大呼吸损耗的关键参数为气相分子摩尔质量、日平均液体表面温度和年周转量;影响外浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的首要关键参数为罐壁黏附系数,其次为年周转量和有机液体的密度;影响内浮顶罐大呼吸损耗的首要关键参数为罐壁黏附系数,其次为年周转量和固定顶支撑柱数量。     

活性焦吸附—曝气生物滤池处理煤气化废水生化出水

采用活性焦吸附—曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺对煤气化废水生化出水进行深度处理。在活性焦投加量2 g/L、吸附时间2 h、BAF生化停留时间4 h的条件下,总COD去除率为85.4%,最终出水平均COD为45.2 mg/L,满足后续双膜法回用工艺要求（COD≤50 mg/L）。活性焦对致色的大分子有机物具有较好的吸附效果,吸附后废水的色度从300倍降至60倍,同时耗氧速率加快,可生化性提高。活性焦的吸附以物理吸附为主,吸附出水没有急性毒性。三维荧光光谱显示：各单元对于酚类的去除均有贡献,小分子组分中的酚类几乎全被去除。     

转基因作物对鱼类的生态毒理效应研究综述

转基因作物潜在的健康和环境风险一直以来颇受争议,转基因作物加工成动物饲料后可能会诱导动物产生免疫应激反应,影响动物的生长发育、繁殖等。鱼类是水生脊椎动物的代表,已广泛应用于水环境的监测,但目前转基因作物对鱼类的饲用安全性研究还相对较少。文章基于转基因作物作为鱼饲料原料对鱼类生态毒理学效应的研究现状,综述了转基因作物对鱼的生长表现、生理生化、脏器功能及发育、组织病理以及行为活动等方面的生态毒理学效应,分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对今后的研究趋势进行了探讨。     

Dispersal and persistence of genetically modified oilseed rape around Japanese harbors

Background, aim, and scope

The possibility of gene transfer from genetically modified oilseed rape (OSR) to its cultivated or wild relatives is of concern since its commercial cultivation, because of its potential weediness and impact on the environment. Introgression of modified genes can affect conservation of agricultural crops, because there are many cultivars and wild Brassicaceae that may cross with genetically modified OSR (Brassica napus) in Japan. Japan imports more than 2 million tons of OSR a year from Canada and other countries. Since volunteers of GM OSR were found around harbors in 2004, a lot of feral GM OSR was discovered in Japan. To consider the way how to keep domestic Brassicaceae from GM contamination, we surveyed and analyzed the dispersal and persistence of GM OSR around Japanese harbors. We present the cause and abundance of GM OSR in Japan by this paper.

Materials and methods

Survey of the feral OSR was performed several times a year at different seasons when domestic OSR either grows or does not around port areas. Detection of herbicide tolerance in feral B. napus was done by test papers that cross react with the modified gene product. Two kinds of herbicide tolerance (glyphosate and glufosinate) were tested.

Results

The feral B. napus were discovered around all 13 harbors that import rapeseeds from foreign countries. Genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant OSR were frequently found in the surveyed populations. Two kinds of herbicide-tolerant OSR (glyphosate- and glufosinate-tolerant) were discovered in a natural condition 40 km from port to an oil factory where 60,000 tons of OSR seed are processed a year. The cause of voluntary growth of OSR is seed spillage during transportation by trucks from harbors to oil factories and other processing facilities. Some of the feral OSR growing along the roadsides of transport paths exhibited perennial growth spilling their seeds around the places. Alteration of the generation of feral GM OSR was discovered for the first time in Japan as a result of this study. We studied the yearly change of feral OSR abundances focusing on Yokkaichi port over the 4 years since 2004. The rate of GM OSR increases year to year, and reaches nearly 90% in 2008.

Discussion

The possibility and consequences of gene transfer from the genetically modified OSR to domestic species (B. rapa and B. juncea) were discussed in relation to impact on domestic agriculture and on environments. Evolutional meaning of the gene transfer was also discussed with respect to the gene construct of GM OSR. This study shows the importance of another pathway of modified gene transfer to non-GM relative species by seed transportation in addition to pollen transfer from commercial cultivation of genetically modified OSR.

Conclusions and recommendations

We identified unintended dispersal and persistence of GM OSR around Japanese harbors that import OSR from Canada and other countries. Both glyphosate- and glufosinate-tolerant feral B. napus were discovered. The cause of volunteer OSR is spillage of the seeds during transportation by truck to oil factory. The feral GM OSR sometimes showed perennial growth in Japanese phonological conditions which are not observed for domestic Brassicaceae. In addition, we confirmed an alteration of generations by feral GM OSR in Japan. The possibility of cross pollination and GM gene introgression to domestic varieties can occur in these environments. To improve the situation, each responsible organization, company, administration, or government should establish measures how to stop the dispersal and persistence of GM OSR in nature. Also, the GM plant developers are responsible for revising this situation.     

“氧化镁/活性炭”新型吸附剂的制备及其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附研究

以氯化镁和造纸草浆黑液为原料,采用物理活化法制得＂氧化镁/活性炭＂新型吸附剂,其比表面积（BET）为388.96 m2/g、总孔容积为0.40 mL/g。测定了这种吸附剂对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、pH值、吸附剂投加量、初始浓度等因素对Cr（VI）的吸附量和脱除率的影响,研究所得吸附水溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）的最佳条件为：吸附时间为120min,吸附剂投加量为2 g/L,pH值为2。＂氧化镁/活性炭＂新型吸附剂对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附过程符合Freundlich等温式。     

一株Brevibacillus sp.的原生质球的制备及其对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原吸附效果分析

利用优势菌生物系统的还原吸附作用去除水环境中的Cr（Ⅵ）是一种有前景的处理方法。为了进一步探究优势菌Brevibacillus sp.还原去除Cr（Ⅵ）的机理,利用正交试验得到酶法制备优势菌原生质球的最佳条件,分析原生质球对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原吸附效果。结果表明：酶解最佳条件为酶浓度0.1 mg/L,酶解时间30 min,酶解温度30℃。高渗环境下的优势菌原生质球对Cr（Ⅵ）和总Cr的去除效率分别为75.90%和63.82%,均高于完整菌株,而相对低渗环境下的原生质球,由于质膜破裂,对Cr（Ⅵ）和总Cr的还原吸附去除效率最低。结合Cr（Ⅵ）去除率高于总Cr去除率的现象可以推测,可再生原生质球对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原吸附过程是一个与其生理活性（透膜机制和代谢活性）相关的过程,且Cr（Ⅵ）的还原与吸附是两个联系非常紧密的反应。研究成果为进一步提高Cr（Ⅵ）还原去除效率奠定了理论基础。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及其絮凝特性

采用常规的微生物学方法,从垃圾渗滤液中筛选到一株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌LB1,根据其形态学和生理生化特征初步鉴定该菌株属于假单胞菌属,命名为Pseudonomas sp. LB1。LB1所产微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性的研究结果表明,LB1的最佳产絮凝时间为96 h,所产絮凝活性物质主要是其生长过程中的胞外分泌物和细胞生长后期的次级代谢产物,菌体细胞本身具有一定的助凝作用。LB1所产絮凝剂最佳加样量为3％（体积分数V/V）;对pH的适应范围较宽,在4～10之间具有较高的絮凝活性,均大于75％;温度为25℃时絮凝率为86.3％,在25～60℃之间,絮凝率基本保持稳定;LB1所产絮凝剂对几种废水具有较好的絮凝效果。     

重铬酸钾褪色法和硫酸铬显色法直接测定COD_Cr

建立了重铬酸钾褪色法和硫酸铬显色法直接比色测定CODcr的方法,重铬酸钾褪色法测定范围10-700mg／L,检出限7.0mg／L,三次平行测定CODcr值为417mg／L样品,标准差为2.6mg／L,回收率为96.6％;硫酸铬显色法的测定范围30-1200mg／L,检出限为23.0mg／L,三次平行测定CODcr值为987mg／L,标准差为22.3mg／L,回收率为96.3％,两种方法都优于HJ／T399-2007推荐的方法。     

涂铁石英砂吸附水中Cr（Ⅵ）的研究

采用静态吸附和动态过滤的试验方法研究了涂铁石英砂（IOCS）滤料对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除,并探讨其吸附机理。研究结果表明,Cr（Ⅵ）在IOCS上的吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附模型。经氧化铁改性滤料表面电位带正电荷,对水中的Cr（Ⅵ）有良好的去除效果。pH值对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除影响较大,随着溶液的pH值升高,滤料表面电位减小,Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附率也减小。IOCS滤料去除Cr（Ⅵ）机理主要为静电吸附。