Optimization of thermophilic anaerobic-aerobic treatment system for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

Optimization of an integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor (IAAB) treatment system for the reduction of organic matter (Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations) in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to legal standards with high methane yield was performed for the first time under thermophilic condition (50°C–55°C) by using response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments were conducted based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with three independent operating variables, organic loading rates in anaerobic compartment (OLR_an) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration in anaerobic (MLVSS_an) and aerobic compartments (MLVSS_a). The optimum conditions for the POME treatment were determined as OLR_an of 15.6 g COD·L^-1·d^-1, MLVSS_an of 43100 mg·L^-1, and MLVSS_a of 18600 mg·L^-1, where high aerobic COD, BOD and TSS removal efficiencies of 96.3%, 97.9%, and 98.5% were achieved with treated BOD of 56 mg·L^-1 and TSS of 28 mg·L^-1 meeting the discharge standard. This optimization study successfully achieved a reduction of 42% in the BOD concentrations of the final treated effluent at a 48% higher OLR_an as compared to the previous works. Besides, thermophilic IAAB system scores better feasibility and higher effectiveness as compared to the optimized mesophilic system. This is due to its higher ability to handle high OLR with higher overall treatment efficiencies (more than 99.6%), methane yield (0.31 L CH₄·g^-1 COD_removed) and purity of methane (67.5%). Hence, these advantages ascertain the applicability of thermophilic IAAB in the POME treatment or even in other high-strength wastewaters treatment.     

造纸厂土壤中短链和中链氯化石蜡的污染特征和风险评估

短链氯化石蜡是一类新型持久性有机污染物,氯化石蜡在造纸工业中常用作施胶剂,为了评估造纸厂区土壤中短链及中链氯化石蜡（SCCPs及MCCPs）的污染状况及其潜在风险,采集厂区表层和不同深度的土壤,利用全二维气相色谱-电子捕获负化学离子源-质谱（GC×GC-ECNI-MS）测定土壤中短链及中链氯化石蜡（SCCPs及MCCPs）的含量及同类物分布特征.结果表明,SCCPs和MCCPs在厂区土壤中均有检出,其含量分别为42~3853 ng·g^-1和34~2091 ng·g^-1,氯含量分别为59.9%~61.9%和48.7%~52.8%.不同采样点土壤样品中CPs（ΣSCCPs+ΣMCCPs）含量差异较大,污水处理区及施胶区土壤中SCCPs及MCCPs含量较高.与其他地区相比,厂区土壤中SCCPs及MCCPs处于较高水平.C₁₀Cl_6-7及C_14-15Cl₅是大部分土壤样品的主要同类物.主成分分析表明,厂区土壤中SCCPs及MCCPs可能主要来自于CP52产品的生产和使用.运用风险商值模型（RQ）评价SCCPs及MCCPs在造纸厂区土壤中的潜在风险,发现厂区土壤中SCCPs风险商范围为0.01~0.73,处于中等风险范围,MCCPs风险商范围为0~0.07,处于低等风险范围.儿童和成人人体暴露值低于TDI［10 μg·（kg·d）^-1］,造纸厂区非饮食暴露导致的健康风险较低.     

EFFECTS OF TREATED BLEACHED KRAFT MILL EFFLUENT ON EGGS AND PROLARVAE OF STRIPED BASS (MORONE SAXATILIS)1

ABSTRACT: Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) eggs and prolarvae were exposed to a range of treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) concentrations from 0 to 20 percent effluent by volume (v/v) under continuous flow test conditions. The treated BKME used in the study before dilution had a BOD₅ of 18 to 25 mg/l, TSS of 60 to 185 mg/l and true color of 1750 to 1755 mg/l. No mortality attributable to BKME was found in three separate egg studies. No delayed hatching of the eggs occurred in any of the BKME treatments relative to the control treatment. No significant morphological abnormalities (pugheadness, truncation, or scoliosis) were found in prolarvae exposed to BKME from the egg stage through six days post/hatch. Tests with prolarvae revealed that BKME at concentrations from 2 to 20 percent v/v did not cause mortality during exposures up to 60 hours. However, BKME concentrations ranging between 8 to 12 percent up to 20 percent v/v caused increased mortality after 72 hours of exposure.     

湿式球磨机石灰石制浆系统的运行调整及问题探讨

探讨了以湖南石门、河南国电濮热、贵州大龙等电厂湿式球磨机运行中的部分调整经验，并对一些影响运行的问题进行分析，以寻求合理的运行方式，实现脱硫系统长周期经济运行。     

白腐菌漆酶催化聚合造纸废水中木素的研究

为了证实漆酶对从造纸厂二沉池出水提取出的木素的催化聚合作用,研究了白腐菌采绒革盖菌Coriolus versicolor漆酶对木素聚合的影响。在有氧条件下,通过添加漆酶和少量ABTS介体到水样中,用紫外分光光度计测定了其中木素浓度变化,利用凝胶色谱法分析了酶催化聚合木素前后的分子量的变化。结果表明:酶处理6h以后,废水中木素浓度从93.1mg/L下降到17.2mg/L。酶处理2h以后,从造纸厂污水分离的木素的分子量从31251上升到58610。造纸废水中木素及其衍生物被聚合后通过絮凝沉淀除去,从而实现废水色度与COD降低,进而为造纸废水回用提供可能。     

东川因民矿区地下水-选厂水水化学特征及资源化影响因素

矿区水质分析结果表明,地下水属弱碱性淡水软水-微硬水。泉水水化学类型为HCO3-Ca·Mg。坑道水水化学类型为HCO3-Mg·Ca、HCO3·SO4-Mg·Ca、SO4·HCO3-Mg·Ca和SO4-Mg·Ca。地下水水化学成分的变化与(SO42-)浓度相关。泉水与坑道水具有一定的水力联系。选厂排放水中Pb、As含量高于坑道水。坑道水、选厂排放水具有弱侵蚀性。采矿活动和选矿过程对地下水-选厂水水质有较大影响,地下水水化学演变受控于矿业活动和矿区地球化学背景。     

Mechanochemical decomposition of pentachlorophenol by ball milling

The mechanochemical dechlorination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) was studied using CaO and SiO2 powder as additives. The e ects of the milling time and additives on the dechlorination rate were investigated. The resulting product was characterized by X-ray di raction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and ion chromatography (IC). It is found that grinding operation could dechlorinate PCP, with the formation of inorganic chloride and amorphous carbon. The addition of quartz to the grinding mixture facilitated dechlorination. On the basis of the experimental results, the decomposition mechanism was proposed. Decomposition predominantly proceeds through rupture of C–Cl bond in PCP molecule, followed by the formation of inorganic chlorides.     

造纸废水二级生化出水的电离辐射深度处理

探讨了采用电离辐射对造纸废水二级生化出水进行深度处理的可行性.结果表明,二级生化出水主要由相对分子质量为1000～3000和3000以上的有机物组成,它们对COD的贡献分别为69.5%和6.9%,它们对溶解性有机质（DOC）的贡献分别为40.6%和31.6%.电离辐射促使废水中的一些大分子有机物向小分子有机物转化,相对...     

等离子球磨机的研制及其振动平台试验

目的实现球磨室在常压下的大面积介质阻挡放电等离子体,开发出商用等离子球磨机。方法通过在不同弹簧和平台质量条件下,利用振动传感器测试平台的振幅(峰峰值)和加速度(有效值)数值,对比确定最优配置和机械振动参数。结果当振动平台振幅接近球磨室内径时,获得高振幅和高加速度的磨球,显著缩短了气体放电间距,实现了球磨室在常压下的大面积介质阻挡放电等离子体。所设计的单筒等离子振动球磨机,其振动平台可选用φ7 mm、φ8 mm两组弹簧,根据平台质量的不同,选择不同类型的激振块组合,可以在30 Hz转速以上实现平台振幅峰峰值达到或者接近球磨罐内径值,同时拥有10g以上的加速度有效值。结论本试验综合机械振动学、高压绝缘放电和材料加工技术,所研制的等离子体球磨机实现了机械能和等离子体能在球磨过程中的协同作用,显著提高了粉末活性,降低了化合物合成反应激活能,从而显著提高了所制备材料的性能。     

侧联式球磨机的噪声控制

介绍了侧联式球磨机噪声产生原理及其噪声控制方法，选择了制作局部式隔声罩的噪声控制设计和装置结构。在中国铝业中州分公司热电厂球磨机上应用，取得了很好的隔声效果。