Bioenergy recovery from landfill gas: A case study in China

Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m³/h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas — as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer—were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization.     

应用车载测试系统研究轻型机动车在实际道路上的排放特征

采用一套车载排放测试系统,对深圳市7辆具有代表性的轻型车辆进了实际道路排放测试.根据测试结果,分析了机动车运行工况对排放的影响,比较了基于油耗和行驶里程的排放因子,并计算了各测试车辆的平均排放因子.结果表明,深圳市轻型机动车加速和减速运行模式共占整个运行时间的66.7%和行驶里程的80.3%,对各种污染物的贡献率达74.6%～79.2%.并且加速模式下的排放水平明显高于其他运行模式;基于油耗的排放因子受车速的影响较小,可以避免因机动车运行工况不同所带来的排放差异,从宏观尺度更为合理地预测机动车污染物排放量;车辆技术水平对排放影响很大,化油器车的C0、HC和NOx排放因子分别是欧Ⅲ车的19.9～20.5、5.6～26.1和1.8～2.0倍;我国在进行轻型车排放测试时使用ECE EUDC工况,不能反映我国城市实际道路行驶工况下的机动车排放水平.     

奥运期间北京典型交通环境气态污染物特征及人体吸入剂量

为了评估2008年奥运会期间北京市机动车控制措施效果,对不同控制措施阶段北四环道路的气态污染物进行监测,并同步采集车流与气象信息.基于监测结果归纳气态污染物特征,分析控制措施的影响,并计算高峰小时与日间小时平均污染物人体吸入剂量.结果表明,控制措施全面实施期间(Ⅲ阶段)北四环路日间平均车流量下降约22%,其中轻型车流量降低约43%.与之相对应,北四环CO、NOx、NO2的浓度水平范围分别是0.10～3.94,0.002～0.139,0.002～0.099mg.m-3,较奥运前(2008年5月)监测浓度显著下降.其中,奥运赛事期间(Ⅲ-2阶段)CO、NOx、NO2平均浓度降幅最大,分别达到63%,71%和70%.奥运期间(Ⅲ阶段)CO与NOx的单人与总人群的高峰小时和日间平均小时吸入剂量较奥运前(2008年5月)均有显著下降,其中CO单人高峰小时与日间小时平均吸入剂量降幅分别是63%和81%;NOx单人高峰小时与日间小时平均吸入剂量降幅分别是58%和55%.区域总人群的吸入量也同比例下降.奥运期间严格的交通控制措施大幅削减了机动车污染物排放量,从而降低了道路交通环境机动车尾气污染引起的人体吸入剂量.     

Commuter exposure to BTEX in public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand

Measurements and monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been conducted in the metropolitan Bangkok. However, in-vehicle levels of VOCs are still lacking. This study investigated VOCs concentrations in four public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand during two rush hour periods (7:00-9:00 a.m. and 4:00-7:00 p.m.). The four modes included an air-conditioned bus (A/C bus), non-air-conditioned bus (non-A/C bus), electric sky train, and a passenger boat traveling along the canal. Comparison among three important bus routes was also studied. In-vehicle air samples were collected using charcoal sorbent tubes and then analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Results showed that the transportation modes significantly influenced the abundance of in-vehicle benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene (BTEX). Median concentrations of BTEX were 11.7, 103, 11.7, and 42.8 μg/m3 in A/C bus; 37.1, 174, 14.7, and 55.4 μg/m3 in non-A/C bus; 2.0, 36.9, 0.5, and 0.5 μg/m3 in sky train; and 3.1, 58.5, 0.5, and 6.2 μg/m3 in boat, respectively. Wilcoxon rank sum test indicated that toluene and m,p-xylene in the sky trains were statistically lower than that in the other three modes at a p-value of 0.05. There were statistical differences in TEX concentrations among the bus routes in the non-A/C buses. In addition, the benzene to toluene ratios implied that tail-pipe emissions were important contributor to the abundance of in-vehicle VOCs.     

中国城市轻型车的排放特性

采用机动车实际上路排放测试系统对北京、重庆和成都3城市27辆轻型车进行了测试和分析;采用发动机比功率VSP、发动机负荷ES和排放单元BIN分析了轻型车瞬态排故的特征及影响排放的主要因素.结果表明.发动机技术和累计行驶里程对排放的影响很大,而VSP等概念还反映了道路坡度对排放因子的影响;由于城市道路坡度的差异,导致同一测试车辆在重庆和成都2个城市的排放水平相差10%～100%.     

关于中国在用汽车排污控制的若干问题——柴油车部分

文章结合《车用压燃式发动机和压燃式发动机汽车排气烟度排放限值及测量方法》（GB3847—2005）修订中的重大问题阐述中国在用柴油车排气烟度控制方面的新要求。主要包括：国10以来在用重型柴油车自由加速法的排气烟度限值、国2和国3柴油发动机的排气烟度水平、排放符合GB18352的压燃式轻型在用车的排气烟度限值、制造厂新生产汽车的烟度检验标准、在用柴油车加载减速工况检测法简介、制定加载减速工况法烟度限值的基本原则和方法、供地方参考的排放限值等。     

武汉市公交车内噪声监测与分析

对武汉市区公交车内的噪声进行监测,用等效连续声级、噪声污染综合指数及污染等级等指标对车厢内的噪声进行分析评价,对普通公交车及新型空调公交车内的噪声状况进行对比分析,并对车内的主要噪声源进行监测。结果发现,武汉市区公交车内普遍存在噪声超标的情况;空调公交车中无车载电视的公交车声环境较好。公交车内噪声的等效连续声级均超过75 dB（A）;噪声污染综合指数均超过1.0,属声环境恶化一类;噪声污染级都大于80。呼吁有关部门尽快出台相关的标准来规范公交车内的声环境,给人们的出行提供一个良好的乘车环境。     

Evaluation of the International Vehicle Emission （IVE） model with on-road remote sensing measurements

Intemational Vehicle Emissions （IVE） model funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） is designed to estimate emissions from motor vehicles in developing countries. In this study, the IVE model was evaluated by utilizing a dataset available from the remote sensing measurements on a large number of vehicles at five different sites in Hangzhou, China, in 2004 and 2005. Average fuel-based emission factors derived from the remote sensing measurements were compared with corresponding emission factors derived from IVE calculations for urban, hot stabilized condition. The results show a good agreement between the two methods for gasoline passenger cars＇ HC emission for all 1VE subsectors and technology classes. In the case of CO emissions, the modeled results were reasonably good, although systematically underestimate the emissions by almost 12%-50% for different technology classes. However, the model totally overestimated NOx emissions. The IVE NOx emission factors were 1.5-3.5 times of the remote sensing measured ones. The IVE model was also evaluated for light duty gasoline truck, heavy duty gasoline vehicles and motor cycles. A notable result was observed that the decrease in emissions from technology class State II to State I were overestimated by the IVE model compared to remote sensing measurements for all the three pollutants. Finally, in order to improve emission estimation, the adjusted base emission factors from local studies are strongly recommended to be used in the IVE model.     

基于三维路面谱仿真履带车辆振动系统的动态模拟

通过谐波叠加原理,在现有的二维路面谱的基础上,从空间路面频率谱出发,将之拓展到三维空间内的路面谱,并给出模拟随机路面谱的方法.通过对该路面谱模型进行谱分析,对其功率谱密度进行了验证.建立了某履带车辆单自由度悬挂质量振动系统的力学模型,以三维路面谱模型作为虚拟激励输入,实现了对单自由度履带车辆振动系统的动态模拟.     

降雨对城市道路交通行驶速度的影响分析

天气状况是影响城市道路交通行驶效率的重要因素。本研究的目的是结合浮动车GPS数据和气象站降雨量检测数据,分析降雨对城市道路交通行驶速度的影响。应用t检验比较了广州市降雨天和非降雨天的城市路段交通行驶速度的差异性,分别用Spearman相关系数和Pearson相关系数描述了降雨量和速度变化的关系。结果表明:降雨天和非降雨天的交通行驶速度的差异比较显著;持续性降雨造成交通行驶速度的较大波动,同时造成部分路段交通行驶速度的下降,快速路和主干道的速度下降比较明显;降雨量和速度变化量之间的相关性不明显。