舰艇舱室性能化防火设计研究

随着舰艇舱室设备自动化程度的提高,目前许多发达国家的舰艇舱室防火设计正逐步从"处方式"规范转换到性能化设计.由于舰艇是可移动的海上建筑物,所以其性能化设计可以充分借鉴建筑性能化防火设计.首先简述了建筑性能化防火设计的概念和设计方法;然后结合舰艇舱室和建筑舱室结构和消防能力的异同点,提出了舰艇舱室性能化防火设计的实施步骤,并给出了某舰艇舱室性能化防火设计的算例.在某舱室性能化防火设计的工程算例中,首先采用火灾安全工程分析舰艇舱室性能化防火设计的总体设计要求和性能判据;然后对确定性指标进行计算;最后分析确定性指标是否符合防火设计总体要求.结果说明性能化防火设计对"处方式"防火设计的某些定性指标进行了量化补充,而且为舰艇舱室防火设计提供了必要的理论支持.     

安太堡露天煤矿职业健康安全管理体系绩效分析

通过对安太堡露天煤矿职业健康安全管理体系认证前后安全生产管理基础数据的调查和统计,采用定性和定量的分析方法对该企业的安全管理水平进行了绩效对比分析和模型分析。结果表明,对于露天煤矿企业,建立职业健康安全管理体系有利于提高企业安全管理的水平;同时证明,该绩效分析方法具有分析过程简单、分析结果科学实用等优点。     

劳动安全卫生标准化现状及建议

本文着重阐述了劳动安全卫生标准化工作的内涵与意义,分析了劳动安全卫生标准化工作的国内外现状,针对问题提出了加快我国劳动安全卫生标准发展的几项建议。     

基于Hashin准则的单层板渐进失效分析

以Hashin准则作为复合材料单层板的失效判据,基于材料的参数退化准则,并考虑单层板的累计损伤,利用渐进失效分析方法对受单向拉伸的[0]16单层板进行损伤数值分析。数值分析结果与实验结果相当吻合,表明该方法预测单层板的损伤失效比较准确。在此基础上,运用该方法对含圆孔单层板的单向拉伸破坏进行了失效扩展仿真分析,计算了不同单层板的初始和最终失效载荷,揭示最终失效载荷与铺层角度的关系,这对进一步认识复合材料的失效机理有着重要的意义。     

食用油烟对健康的影响

综述了近年来国内外在食用油烟对机体健康的影响方面所开展的工作情况，目前有关食用油烟的研究重点是：体外致突变性试验；对肺癌（尤其是女性）的流行病学调查分析；及油烟加热产物整体组分的实验研究等。现有的研究：为防治油烟的危害提供了一定的方法，如降低油温；避免煎炸油的反复使用；在食油精制过程中进行氢化和添加抗氧化剂；加强油烟排除设施等。作者认为，开展职业暴露人群的长期追踪调查，分离鉴定油烟中的致变物并寻找     

广州石化HSE管理体系建立实践

本文论述了广州分公司安全、环境与健康管理体系的特点,描述了体系建立过程所做的工作以及初步应用的情况,并就体系建立过程中的几个关键问题进行了探讨.     

Temporal variation of PM2.5-associated health effects in Shijiazhuang,Hebei

•Annual mean PM_2.5 in Shijiazhuang were 87, 95, and 82 µg/m³ in 2015–2017. •Health risk of cardiovascular system was higher than respiratory system. •Premature mortality attributed to PM_2.5 was 5088 people in 2017. •ΔMort and YLL reduced by 84.2% and 84.6% when PM_2.5 reduced to 10 µg/m³. •Health risks due to PM_2.5 were severe in Shijiazhuang in 2015–2017. Shijiazhuang is one of the cities in the North China Plain. In recent decades, this city has experienced high levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), which have potentially significant effects on human health. In this study, the health effects of PM_2.5 exposure in Shijiazhuang were estimated by applying an integrated exposure-response model. Premature mortality, years of life lost (YLL), and the mortality benefits linked to reduced levels of PM_2.5 were quantified for the period 2015–2017. In 2015, 2016, and 2017, cerebrovascular diseases caused the highest premature mortality (2432, 2449, and 2483, respectively), followed by ischemic heart diseases (1391, 1479, and 1493, respectively), lung cancer (639,660, and 639, respectively), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (533, 519, and 473, respectively). Notably, the total number of premature deaths caused by PM_2.5 exposure in Shijiazhuang in 2015, 2016, and 2017 were 4994, 5107, and 5088, respectively. Moreover, the YLL in the same years were 47001, 47880 and 47381, respectively. Interestingly, the YLL per 1000 females was lower than that per 1000 males. Finally, we noted that premature mortality and YLL decreased by 84.2% and 84.6% when the PM_2.5 levels diminished to 10 µg/m³. Overall, the results of this study improve our understanding of how high PM_2.5 concentrations affect human health and suggest the application of more stringent measures in Shijiazhuang to alleviate the associated health risks.     

Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: a case study in Varanasi

The contributions of heavy metals in selected vegetables through atmospheric deposition were quantified in an urban area of India. Deposition rate of Zn was recorded maximum followed by Cu, Cd and Pb. The concentrations of Zn and Cu were highest in Brassica oleracea, Cd in Abelmoschus esculentus and B. oleracea, while Pb was highest in Beta vulgaris. Heavy metal pollution index showed that B. oleracea was maximally contaminated with heavy metals followed by A. esculentus and then B. vulgaris. The results of washing showed that atmospheric deposition has contributed to the increased levels of heavy metals in vegetables. Both Cu and Cd posed health risk to local population via test vegetables consumption, whereas Pb posed the same only through B. oleracea. The study concludes that atmospheric depositions can elevate the levels of heavy metals in vegetables during marketing having potential health hazards to consumers.     

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants and contribute to the pollution of soil environment. Soil ingestion is of increasing concern for assessing health risk from PAH-contaminated soils because soil ingestion is one of the potentially important pathways of exposure to environmental pollutants, particularly relevant for children playing at contaminated sites due to their hand-to-mouth activities. In vitro gastro-intestinal tests imitate the human digestive tract, based on the physiology of humans, generally more simple, less time-consuming, and especially more reproducible than animal tests. This study was conducted to investigate the level of PAH contamination and oral bioaccessibility in surface soils, using physiologically based in vitro gastro-intestinal tests regarding both gastric and small intestinal conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wastewater-irrigated soils were sampled from the metropolitan areas of Beijing and Tianjin, China, which were highly contaminated with PAHs. Reference soil samples were also collected for comparisons. At each site, four soils were sampled in the upper horizon at the depth of 0-20 cm randomly and were bulked together to form one composite sample. PAH concentrations and origin were investigated and a physiologically based in vitro test was conducted using all analytical grade reagents. Linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between total PAH concentrations in soils and soil organic carbon (SOC). RESULTS: A wide range of total PAH concentrations ranging from 1,304 to 3,369 mug kg(-1) in soils collected from different wastewater-irrigated sites in Tianjin, while ranging from 2,687 to 4,916 mug kg(-1) in soils collected from different wastewater-irrigated sites in Beijing, was detected. In general, total PAH concentrations in soils from Beijing sites were significantly higher than those from Tianjin sites, indicating a dominant contribution from both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. Results indicated that the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in small intestinal was significantly higher (from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) than gastric condition. Similarly, the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in contaminated sites was significantly higher (from P < or = 0.05 to P < 0.001) than in reference sites. Individual PAH ratios (three to six rings), a more accurate and reliable estimation about the emission sources, were used to distinguish the natural and anthropogenic PAH inputs in the soils. Results indicated that PAHs were both pyrogenic and petrogenic in nature. DISCUSSION: The identification of PAH sources and importance of in vitro test for PAH bioaccessibility were emphasized in this study. The oral bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in soils generally decreased with increasing ring numbers of PAHs in both the gastric and small intestinal conditions. However, the ratio of bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in gastric conditions to that in the small intestinal condition generally increased with increasing ring numbers, indicating the relatively pronounced effect of bile extract on improving the bioaccessibility of PAHs with relatively high ring numbers characterized by their high K ( ow ) values. Similarly, total PAH concentrations in soils were strongly correlated with SOC, indicating that SOC was the key factor determining the retention of PAHs in soils. CONCLUSIONS: Soils were contaminated with PAHs due to long-term wastewater irrigation. PAHs with two to six rings showed high concentrations with a significant increase over reference soils. Based on the molecular indices, it was suggested that PAHs in soils had both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. It was also concluded that the oral bioaccessibility of total PAHs in the small intestinal condition was significantly higher than that in the gastric condition. Furthermore, the bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in soils generally decreased with the increasing ring numbers in both the gastric and small intestinal conditions. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: It is suggested that more care should be given while establishing reliable soil criteria for PAHs, especially concerning the health of children who may ingest a considerable amount of PAH-contaminated soil via outdoor hand-to-mouth activities.     

Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic, mercury and other metals in urban street dusts from a mega-city, Nanjing, China

The oral bioaccessibility and the human health risks of As, Hg and other metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Mn, V and Fe) in urban street dusts from different land use districts in Nanjing (a mega-city), China were investigated. Both the total contents and the oral bioaccessibility estimated by the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) of the studied elements varied with street dusts from different land use districts. Cd, Zn, Mn, Pb, Hg and As showed high bioaccessibility. SBET-extractable contents of elements were significantly correlated with their total contents and the dust properties (pH, organic matter contents). The carcinogenic risk probability for As and Cr to children and adults were under the acceptable level (<1 × 10⁻⁴). Hazard Quotient values for single elements and Hazard Index values for all studied elements suggested potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children, but not to adults.