Biogenic palladium prepared by activated sludge microbes for the hexavalent chromium catalytic reduction: Impact of relative biomass

• Pd nanoparticles could be reduced and supported by activated sludge microbes. • The effect of biomass on Pd adsorption by microbes is greater than Pd reduction. • More biomass reduces Pd particle size, which is more dispersed on the cell surface. • When the biomass/Pd add to 6, the catalytic reduction rate of Cr(VI) reaches stable. Palladium, a kind of platinum group metal, owns catalytic capacity for a variety of hydrogenations. In this study, Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) were generated through enzymatic recovery by microbes of activated sludge at various biomass/Pd, and further used for the Cr(VI) reduction. The results show that biomass had a strong adsorption capacity for Pd(II), which was 17.25 mg Pd/g sludge. The XRD and TEM-EDX results confirmed the existence of PdNPs associated with microbes (bio-Pd). The increase of biomass had little effect on the reduction rate of Pd(II), but it could cause decreasing particle size and shifting location of Pd(0) with the better dispersion degree on the cell surface. In the Cr(VI) reduction experiments, Cr(VI) was first adsorbed on bio-Pd with hydrogen and then reduced using active hydrogen as electron donor. Biomass improved the catalytic activity of PdNPs. When the biomass/Pd (w/w) ratio increased to six or higher, Cr(VI) reduction achieved maximum rate that 50 mg/L of Cr(VI) could be rapidly reduced in one minute.     

1999年与2014年贡嘎山峨眉冷杉枝和叶中常见重金属的生物富集特征对比

经济的快速发展使得生态环境的承载力日益接近上限,而关于偏远地区森林系统的重金属污染的时间变化趋势却鲜有报道.本文测定了贡嘎山1999年与2014年采集的峨嵋冷杉枝、叶中的Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn与Ba.结果表明：11999年枝、叶样品中Pb、Hg、As、Cd、Mn与Cu显著高于2014年的量,而2014年枝、叶样品中Cr、Zn和Ba高于1999年的量;2枝中Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cd、Mn、Cu、Zn和Ba与生长龄无统一的变化趋势,而在叶中的含量随着生长龄的增加有增加的趋势;3Hg易在叶中富集,而其它元素更易在枝中富集;通过在主成分分析的基础上进行多元线性回归判断常见重金属元素的来源,枝、叶中的Pb、Cr、As、Cd、Cu、Zn和Ba有42.3%~92.2%的含量来自于土壤,而枝、叶中的Hg有70.6%的含量来自于大气.这说明Hg存在与其他重金属在森林系统不同的累积机制.     

基于格网GIS的重点生态功能区生态系统敏感性研究:以贵州省雷山县为例

为了科学地诊断出存在的环境问题,实现对生态环境的保护,以重点生态功能区雷山县为例,结合地形、地貌与气候等数据,以格网为评价单元,构建生态系统敏感性评价指标体系。采用层次分析法、区域综合法及格网GIS技术,对评价体系中各指标进行10 m×10 m尺度下的格网化表达,运用栅格数据的空间叠加方法及生态系统敏感性评价模型,综合评价雷山县生态系统敏感性空间格局。结果表明:雷山县生态系统敏感性较高,其中非敏感区和轻度敏感区面积较小,仅占总面积的5%和13.4%;其次是中度敏感区和极度敏感区,分别占总面积的26.3%和17%;高度敏感区面积最大,占总面积的38.3%。     

利用壳聚糖溶液探讨黄土中铬(VI)的提取效果研究

铬是环境中一种重要的重金属污染物,大量含铬的废水、废渣随意排放导致土壤、水体和生物遭到不同程度的污染.中国黄土分布面积广泛,本研究以典型的西部黄土为对象,通过室内土柱淋滤试验,以灌水量和示踪铬浓度为控制因子,研究铬在黄土层中的分布、迁移转化规律及黄土对铬的吸附特性.由于壳聚糖的结构中含有大量的-NH2和-OH,因此壳聚糖,它对重金属离子有优良的吸附作用.探讨了吸附时间、壳聚糖浓度、pH、液固比、温度对壳聚糖吸附黄土中Cr(VI)的提取效果.     

菌株Pseudomonas sp. JF122降解苯酚同时还原Cr(VI)的条件优化及生长特性研究

采用富集培养法,从钢铁厂附近河流污泥中分离筛选到1株能同时降解苯酚与还原Cr(VI)的菌株JF122.在600 mg·L^-1苯酚与1.2 mg·L^-1 Cr(VI) 的条件下,采用单因素实验考察了温度、初始pH、该菌接种量等因素对其同时降解苯酚与还原Cr(VI)的影响,并通过正交试验L₉(3³)获得适宜的苯酚降解与Cr(VI)还原条件.结果表明,菌株JF122降解苯酚与还原Cr(VI)的适宜条件为:30 ℃、初始pH=6和接种量1%,此条件下,菌株JF122在56 h内能够降解600 mg·L^-1苯酚同时还原1.2 mg·L^-1 Cr(VI).应用响应曲面法建立了菌株JF122的生长与温度、初始pH、接种量等因素间关系的数学模型,并对其生长条件进行了优化.结果表明,菌株JF122最优生长条件与其降解苯酚并同时还原Cr(VI)的最优条件具有一致性.     

含铬废水的处理技术及机理简述

介绍了废水中六价铬的来源及存在形态,以及处理含铬废水的物理、物化、化学及生物等各种工艺,并对各种工艺的机理和优缺点进行分析,展望含铬废水的治理前景。     

γ-Fe_2O_3/膨胀石墨复合材料吸附废水中六价铬的应用研究

介绍了采用溶胶凝胶法合成新型的复合材料-磁性的γ-Fe_2O_3膨胀石墨(MEG)复合材料。通过采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及X-光电子能谱仪(XPS)对该复合材料MEG进行了表征,结果表明MEG中γ一Fe_2O_3的粒径约为50nm,而且其中γ一Fe_2O_3和膨胀石墨通过C=O相互作用。复合材料MEG作为新型的六价铬吸附剂,通过吸附时间、初始溶液的pH值以及再生性对该吸附过程进行了考察。结果表明:在40 min内MEG吸附六价铬的过程基本达到平衡;在初始溶液的pH为3.5时,MEG对六价铬的最大吸附量可以达到16.4mg/g;而且该复合材料MEG重复使用3次后吸附效果基本没有下降。因此,复合材料MEG对于废水中六价铬的处理有选择性吸附作用,而且初始溶液的pH值对其吸附过程起着重要作用。     

土壤铜、 铬(Ⅵ)复合污染重金属形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验和室内化学分析相结合的方法,研究了外源铜、铬（Ⅵ）单一和复合污染中土壤金属形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响.结果表明,外源铜、铬（Ⅵ）单一污染土壤中,铬主要以残渣态和有机结合态形式存在,而铜则主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态形式存在.铜、铬（Ⅵ）复合污染时,低浓度铜（≤400 mg.kg-1）促进铬向交换态转化...     

铬污染土壤的微生物修复技术研究进展

介绍了土壤中铬的来源,存在形态,迁移转化及其对生物的危害,并重点阐述铬污染土壤的微生物修复机理:土壤中的Cr(VI)可以在微生物生物吸附、还原作用等作用下降低其生物可利用性和毒性,从而达到铬污染土壤修复的目的。针对微生物修复过程中存在的问题,提出了提高微生物修复铬污染土壤效果的措施,并对铬土壤污染微生物修复的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Effect of chromium on accumulation and antioxidants in Cucumis utillissimus L.: Response under enhanced bioavailability condition

This study compares the accumulation of Cr(VI) and biochemical changes (total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and cysteine contents) and roles of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) in tolerance to metal induced stress in Cucumis utillissimus L. grown in Cr contaminated soil (CS) with garden soil (GS). Furthermore, Cr bioavailability was enhanced by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) addition to the soil to forecast the plant’s accumulation pattern at elevated Cr environment. Accumulation of Cr in the leaves of the plant increased with increase in substrate metals concentration. It further increased with the addition of EDTA by 1437% and 487% in GS and CS, respectively at the highest treatment level. The lipid peroxidation increased proportionately with increase in Cr accumulation in the leaves. All the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX and APX) and the level of cysteine increased with dose dependant manner. SOD and cysteine were observed to be higher in the GS than in CS, but APX and GPX were found to be higher in CS than in GS. The increase in GPX and APX activities with the increase in Cr concentration could be assumed that these two enzymes have a major role in the defense mechanism towards stress induced by Cr in C. utillissimus.