渝东黄龙组碳酸盐岩储层的古岩溶特征和岩溶旋回

通过近百口全取芯钻井岩芯的岩石学、矿物学、古生物学和地球化学特征的综合研究 ,认为渝东及相邻川东地区的上石炭统黄龙组碳酸盐岩储层主要为古岩溶作用产物。文中简要介绍了黄龙组古岩溶型储层的主要识别标志和岩溶角砾岩的结构 成分分类方案 ,重点对岩溶相、岩溶地貌分区和微地貌单元、岩溶旋回和溶蚀段划分进行了较为详细的描述。在此基础上 ,建立了渝东黄龙组岩溶相、古岩溶地貌和岩溶旋回与古岩溶储层特征和分布关系的综合模式 ,指出岩溶斜坡和岩溶盆地分区中的坡地与残丘微地貌单元为最有利储层发育的部位 ,发育于C2 h2 白云岩段中的上部溶蚀段和下部溶蚀段为最有利古岩溶储层发育的层位     

Human health risk assessment of groundwater nitrate at a two geomorphic units transition zone in northern China

To assess groundwater nitrate contamination and its human health risks, 489 unconfined groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Zhangjiakou, northern China. The spatial distribution of principle hydrogeochemical results showed that the average concentrations of ions in descend order was HCO₃^?, SO₄^2?, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^?, NO₃^?, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, among which the NO₃^? concentrations were between 0.25 and 536.73 mg/L with an average of 29.72 mg/L. In total, 167 out of 489 samples (~ 34%) exceeded the recommended concentration of 20 mg/L in Quality Standard for Groundwater of China. The high NO₃^? concentration groundwater mainly located in the northern part and near the boundary of the two geomorphic units. As revealed by statistical analysis, the groundwater chemistry was more significantly affected by anthropogenic sources than by the geogenic sources. Moreover, human health risks of groundwater nitrate through oral and dermal exposure pathways were assessed by model, the results showed that about 60%, 50%, 32% and 26% of the area exceeded the acceptable level (total health index>1) for infants, children, adult males and females, respectively. The health risks for different groups of people varied significantly, ranked: infants> children> adult males>adult females, suggesting that younger people are more susceptible to nitrate contamination, while females are more resistant to nitrate contamination than males. To ensure the drinking water safety in Zhangjiakou and its downstream areas, proper management and treatment of groundwater will be necessary to avoid the health risks associated with nitrate contamination.     

Uranium transport around the reactor zone at Bangombé and Okélobondo (Oklo): examples of hydrogeological and geochemical model integration and data evaluation

The sites at Bangombé and Okélobondo (Oklo) in Gabon provide a unique opportunity to study the behaviour of products from natural nuclear reactions in the vicinity of reactor zones which were active around two billion years ago. The Commission of the European Communities initiated the Oklo Natural Analogue Programme. One of the principal aims was to study indications of present time migration of elements from the reactor zones under ambient conditions. The hydrogeological and hydrochemical data from the Oklo sites were modelled in order to better understand the geochemical behaviour of radionuclides in the natural system, by using independent models and by comparing the modelling outcome. Two modelling approaches were used: M3 code (hydrochemical mixing and mass balance model), developed by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) and HYTEC (reactive transport model) developed by Ecole des Mines de Paris.Two different reactor zones were studied: Bangombé, a shallow site, the reactor being at 11 m depth, and OK84 at Okélobondo, situated at about 450 m depth, more comparable with a real repository location. This allowed the validation of modelling tools in two different sedimentary environments: one shallow, with a more homogeneous layering situated in an area of meteoric alteration, and the other offering the opportunity to study radionuclide migration from the reaction zone over a distance of 450 m through very heterogeneous sedimentary layers.The modeling results indicate that the chemical reactions retarding radionuclide transport are very different at the two sites. At Bangombé, the decomposition of organic material consumes oxygen and at Okélobondo the oxygen is consumed by inorganic reactions resulting, in both cases, in uranium retardation. Both modelling approaches (statistic with M3 code and deterministic with HYTEC code) could describe this situation.The goal of this exercise is to test codes which can help to describe and understand the processes taking place at the sites, validate the models with in situ data, and thus build confidence in the tools used for future site characterization. Ultimately, this allows identifying and selecting processes and parameters that can be used as input into repository performance assessment calculations and modelling exercises.     

西藏措麦地区新生代火山岩相初步研究

西藏措麦地区处于冈底斯火山—岩浆弧的中段,新生代火山活动强烈,火山岩相发育齐全。根据火山喷发类型、火山物质搬运方式和定位环境,可划分为爆发相、爆溢相、喷溢相、侵出相、潜火山岩相、火山通道相、喷发—沉积相等7大类型。再依据区内火山活动特点,火山相序及相组合特征,结合火山沉积地层及其接触关系,可将其火山活动划分四个喷发—沉积旋回,依序对应于典中组、年波组、帕那组、鱼鳞山组四个岩石地层单位。文章阐述了各类型火山岩相的基本特征,对各火山岩相序、相组合及火山活动旋回作了初步分析和归纳,对提高整个冈底斯地区火山岩研究程度,具有一定的实际意义。     

天鹅寨火山地质特征的研究

天鹅寨火山杂岩体是湘南—粤北地区唯一大面积出露的陆相酸性火山岩，内有铀矿点产出。通过对火山杂岩体的研究，论述了火山杂岩体产出特点、岩石学及地球化学特征，提出了火山岩层和火山活动旋回的划分、岩根新归属以及火山构造类型。     

下扬子盆地石炭系沉积相

下扬子盆地面积约十余万平方公里,石炭系分布广泛,出露完整。早石炭世有四个沉积相区和两个剥蚀区,根据各相区的沉积特征及生物群的不同,本文恢复了它的沉积环境和古地理概貌。晚石炭世为海相碳酸盐岩沉积,主要亚相类型有边缘潮坪相、开阔台地和局限台地相,浅滩相等,表明它是一种缓坡型的碳酸盐台地,盆地南部钱塘地区是下沉较深的碳酸盐台地。     

天桥铅锌矿床的沉积改造成矿特征

从层序地层、沉积相、矿相剖面、微量元素、稀土元素、铅同位素和包裹体等方面 ,对天桥铅锌矿床及矿床地球化学特征进行了研究 ,认为产于退积型海侵体系域中顺层的似层状铅锌矿体 ,其成因与六盘水裂陷槽演化的某个阶段特定环境有一定联系 ,成矿溶液沿裂陷槽边界断裂上升 ,挤入上覆岩层间隙乃至进入水盆地 ,对围岩发生交代作用 ,参与成岩 -后生作用、多期次的叠加、改造是该矿床的特征     

运用火山地质学理论研究竹田头火山机构

系采用火山活动旋回-火山构造-火山地层-岩性、岩相一体化思路对浙东谷来地区的竹田头复活破火山机构进行地质填图的一些认识,主要有如下五点:1.采用火山旋回-火山构造-火山地层-岩性、岩相一体化思路在火山岩区进行地质填图,取得了很好的地质效果;2.区域火山地层层序的厘定,首先应在同一旋回的火山机构内,测制剖面,厘定火山地层层序,而后把不同旋回火山机构内的地层层序叠置,建立区域综合地层层序,在此基础上,确定岩石地层单位和填图单元;3.划分岩相,建立相序,是推演古火山演化历史,建立演化模式的有效途径;4.线形构造与环形火山构造组合形成的线-环构造格局,是火山岩区地质构造的重要特征;5.在火山岩区用火山地层组-段-岩性填制的地质图,实质上是一种实际材料图,只有以火山旋回-火山构造-火山地层-岩相为内容的火山岩相构造图,才能正确反映火山岩区的地质构造特点,揭示火山岩的成因,追溯古火山演化历史,恢复古火山面貌.     

长江三角洲平原南部上新世以来古环境演变及多重地层划分

对长江三角洲平原BZK01钻孔进行沉积物¹⁴C测年、粒度、磁学、孢粉和微体古生物分析,结合伽玛测井、岩性地层讨论了上新世以来钻孔揭示的孢粉组合、沉积环境演化、沉积相和古气候特征,建立了钻孔的第四纪多重地层划分对比框架。结果表明,受原始地形地貌、海平面变化、海陆变迁、古气候冷暖更替及新构造运动的影响,研究区上新世以来经历了多次环境变化。钻孔自下而上揭示岩性地层依次为基岩长河组、新近纪-第四纪沉积的嘉兴组、前港组、东浦组、宁波组、镇海组,孢粉组合可划分出16个孢粉带,按暖期温暖潮湿-冷期寒冷干燥古气候旋回变化的周期律,BZK01钻孔反映该区域共存在7个古气候旋回。建立的钻孔多重地层划分对比揭示151.9～278.0 m为河流相和河湖相交替沉积的上新世-早更新世时期,存在两个气候旋回过程;83.5～151.9 m为河流相-河湖相-浅湖相沉积环境的中更新世,包含两个气候旋回过程;15.4～83.5 m为晚更新世,沉积环境自下而上为河口相-河湖相-潮坪相-滨海相-河湖相,与王店海侵-杭州海侵时期对应,包括两个气候旋回;0～15.4 m为河口相-河湖相-泻湖相沉积环境的全新世,对应富阳海侵,包括一个气候旋回。     

江宁孔山、茨山高骊山组中遗迹化石组合的生态分析

江宁孔山、茨山高骊山组是一个典型的三角洲层序,可分为三个亚相及若干微相,高骊山组下部的前三角洲亚相中发现Chondrites-Planolites-Palaeophycus组合,中部远岸砂坝微相发现Palaeophycus-?Protopaleodictyon组合;河口砂坝微相见Palaeophycus-trail Phycodes?组合,上部的废异河道微相含有Rhizocorallium jenense-Gyrolithes-Palaeophycus组合。这些组合有着明确的指相意义,遗迹属种、生态类型及组合在剖面上的分布与环境条件有着密切的关系。