森林类型对土壤表层有机碳空间异质性的影响

对西南山地阔叶林区的天然阔叶混交林、天然次生林和人工柳杉林的土壤表层有机碳（SSOC）进行了测定,并用地统计学理论构建了3种亚热带森林生态系统在小尺度上的SSOC半方差理论模型。结果表明,不同森林生态系统间SSOC含量差异性显著,表现为天然阔叶混交林>天然次生林>人工柳杉林,SSOC含量与土壤含水率、容重、孔隙度和有机质相关性显著;天然阔叶混交林的SSOC空间相关性最强,次生林次之,人工林较弱;天然阔叶混交林SSOC在45°方向上空间变异最明显,天然次生林和人工林在各个方向上的变异均较弱;天然阔叶混交林SSOC的等值线较密,梯度变化急剧,天然次生林次之,人工林等值线稀疏,梯度变化不明显。总之,不同森林类型对SSOC含量和分布有着重要影响。     

基于灰色关联分析理论的典型区域土壤重金属污染评价研究

选择包头作为研究区,实地调研获得221个土壤试样,利用原子荧光光谱法和等离子体质谱法测试得到样品中8种重金属质量比。利用灰色关联分析,建立土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn与污染等级的关联度,结合Kriging空间插值方法对土壤污染等级的空间分布进行研究。统计结果表明,研究区主要为Pb和Zn污染。根据统计量所反映出的地区差异性,构建评价对象的因子集、评价因子等级标准,建立灰色关联土壤环境质量评价模型。并且利用Kriging插值将评价结果绘制成包头土壤环境污染等级专题图。研究表明:包头土壤环境呈现沿昆都仑河被污染的条带特点;市区郊区有Hg、Pb、Zn的点源污染。利用Kriging插值的线性无偏最优估计,可以得到研究区域的土壤污染评价专题图。实例验证了根据灰色关联分析建立的土壤重金属污染评价模型,能够充分利用污染数据的统计特性,克服内梅罗综合污染指数评价突显算术平均值与最大值的不合理性,通过对各污染属性的相对最优灰关联度进行排序,能够增强模型对灰关联度的分辨能力,更加客观地确定重金属在土壤污染等级评定中的权重,符合实际情况。     

局部通风机实际特性的近似处理方法及应用研究

针对目前局部风机特性曲线很难得到或应用而导致局部通风研究受限问题,提出一种根据局部风机风量及风压范围近似求解风机特性曲线的方法。该方法采用一次线性插值函数代替风机特性曲线函数,结合风阻特性曲线得到风机工况。基于该方法可进行局部风机选型或预测既定型号风机工况点及风筒出口风量,同时可确定长距离掘进通风中钻孔通风有效风量与钻孔长度、直径的关系,也可确定风库中转位置与风筒长度的关系。应用分析结果表明:用一次函数代替稳定区域风机特性曲线函数不仅简单方便,结果较精确,且方法可靠、实用性高。     

SUPPLEMENTATION OF MISSING VALUES IN WATER QUALITY DATA1

ABSTRACT The problem of estimating missing values in water quality data using linear interpolation and harmonic analysis is studied to see which one of these two methods yields better estimates for the missing values. The data used in this study consisted of midnight values of dissolved oxygen from the Ohio River collected over a period of one year at Stratton station. Various hypothetical cases of missing data are considered and the two methods of supplementing missing values are evaluated using statistical tests. The results indicate that when the percentage of missed data points exceeded ten percent of the total number in the original sample, harmonic analysis usually yielded better estimates for both the regularly and irregularly missed cases. For data that exhibit cyclic variation, examples of which are dissolved oxygen concentration and water temperature, harmonic analysis as a data generation technique appears to be superior to linear interpolation.     

Biofidelity Corridors for Sternum Kinematics in Low-Speed Side Impacts

Objective: Field data show that side impact car crashes have become responsible for a greater proportion of the fatal crashes compared to frontal crashes, which suggests that the protection gained in frontal impact has not been matched in side impact. One of the reasons is the lack of understanding of the torso injury mechanisms in side impact. In particular, the deformation of the rib cage and how it affects the mechanical loading of the individual ribs have yet to be established. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the ribcage deformation in side impacts by describing the kinematics of the sternum relative to the spine.

Methods: The 3D kinematics of the 1st and of the 5th or 6th thoracic vertebrae and of the sternum were obtained for three Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) impacted laterally by a rigid wall traveling at 15 km/h. The experimental data were processed to express the kinematics of the sternum relative to the spine throughout the impact event. Methods were developed to interpolate the kinematics of the vertebrae for which experimental data were not available.

Results: The kinematics of the sternocostal junction for ribs 1 to 6 as well as the orientation of the sternum were expressed in the vertebra coordinate systems defined for each upper thoracic vertebra (T1 to T6). Corridors were designed for the motion of the sternum relative to each vertebra. In the experiments, the sternum moved upward for all rib levels (1 to 6), and away from the spine with an amplitude that increased with the decreasing rib level (from rib 1 to rib 6). None of the differences observed in the kinematics could be correlated to the occurrence of rib fractures.

Conclusions: This study provides both qualitative and quantitative information for the ribcage skeletal kinematics in side impact. This data set provides the information required to better evaluate computational models of the thorax for side impact simulations. The corridors developed in this study provide new biofidelity targets for the impact response of the ribcage. This study contributes to augmenting the state of knowledge of the human chest deformation in side impact to better characterize the rib fracture mechanisms.     

Interpolating SRTM Elevation Data to Higher Resolution to Improve Hydrologic Analysis

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) has been a valuable resource for hydrological analysis, providing elevation data at a consistent resolution on a near‐global scale. However, its resolution (three arc‐second or 90 m) is sometimes too low to obtain the desired level of accuracy and precision for hydrologic analysis. We evaluated the performance of several methods for interpolating SRTM three arc‐second data to a 30‐m resolution grid to better represent topography and derive terrain characteristics of the landscape. STRM data were interpolated to 30‐m DEMs on a common grid using spline, inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging (KR), natural neighbor methods, and cubic convolution (CC) resampling. Accuracy of the methods was assessed by comparing interpolated and resampled 30‐m grids with the reference data. Slope, aspect, sinks, and stream networks were derived for the 30‐m grids and compared on a cell‐by‐cell basis to evaluate their performance in reproducing the derivatives. The comparisons identify spline and KR as the most accurate interpolation methods, of which spline is preferred because of its relative simplicity. IDW provided the greatest bias in all methods with artifacts evident in slope and aspect maps. The performance of CC projection directly to a 30‐m resolution was comparable to spline interpolation, thus is recommended as the most convenient method for interpolating SRTM to a higher resolution.     

水质综合评价的遗传投影寻踪插值模型

为解决各单项水质评价指标评价结果的不相容问题 ,提高水质综合评价各层次的分辩力和评价模型的精度 ,本研究采用大样本数据 ,利用投影寻踪、遗传算法、插值型曲线和水质评价标准 ,为水质综合评价建立了一种新的数学模型———遗传投影寻踪插值模型 (GPPIM)。实例研究表明 ,GPPIM建模方法直观、可靠、精度高 ,既具有较强的分类功能 ,又具有较好的排序功能 ,可广泛应用于各种环境质量的综合评价。     

城-郊区域土壤铅(Pb)累积过程时空模拟:以中部某大城市为例

城-郊区域类型众多的高强度人类活动导致土壤Pb累积过程复杂、时空异质性高,使得揭示该类区域土壤Pb累积过程的时空变化特征十分困难.以国内中部某大城市典型城-郊区域为研究区,构建土壤Pb累积过程单元模型,基于土地利用分类和模拟结果,建立土壤Pb累积过程时空模拟方法,模拟研究区2013~2040年土壤Pb累积含量,阐明土壤Pb含量未来时空变化特征.结果表明,研究区2013年Pb含量平均值约为其所在省份表层Pb含量背景值的1.77倍,土壤Pb污染较重.2013~2040年Pb含量将持续增加,增加量较低（0.53~2.25 mg·kg^-1）的区域位于研究区西部、北部和南部,占总面积的25.46 %,增加量较高（3.98~5.70 mg·kg^-1）的区域位于其东部,占总面积的17.14 %.研究区东部林地面积的增加、水域和草地面积的减少导致了该区域土壤Pb含量较大幅度地上升;此外,土壤Pb含量的空间分布还同重要工厂和交通设施的分布高度相关.通过突破以往研究中将土地利用视为静态不变的局限,能够在一定程度上反映区域土地利用变化对重金属累积过程的影响,可为城-郊区域土壤Pb累积过程模拟提供方法,并为该城市城-郊区域土壤Pb污染管控提供依据.     

山区土壤重金属空间插值性能的改进

山区土壤重金属监测中,密集均匀的布点采样困难大,成本高。根据稀疏非均匀样本数据准确预测山区土壤重金属空间分布,对可视化描述检测元素的分布及趋势具有重要意义。基于云南省楚雄市南部山区表层土壤中重金属锰、钒的采样数据,对集成径向基函数神经网络(IRBFANNs)和传统插值方法:反距离(IDW)、普通克里格(OK)、径向基函数神经网络(RBFANNs),进行了不同等级采样密度下的插值性能比较。结果表明,样本点数量减少时,传统预测方法的插值精度都有所下降,而IRBFANNs算法在样本点较少情况下能够保持最好的插值精确度和稳定性,有效改进了空间插值性能。     

基于反距权重插值的入海河口水环境研究

对某入海河口在春季和夏季进行2次水体环境因子(TP、TN、COD、Chla、SS)监测,利用Arc Map扩展模块中反距离权重插值模型,对各监测值分别进行插值分析。通过插值结果,对营养盐、Chla、COD和SS在时间和空间上的差异进行探讨,揭示了入海河口水体环境因子在季节差异和流域分布上的独有特点。