云南阳宗海湖底沉积物重金属分布与来源

测定了阳宗海表层沉积物重金属Pb、Cu、Cr、Mn、Zn、As的含量,平均值依次为40.3mg/kg、97.6mg/kg、145.8mg/kg、617.9mg/kg、149.2mg/kg、31.4mg/kg。利用地积累指数法对重金属的污染程度进行评价。结果表明,沉积物中Cu的累积最严重,As、Zn、Cr也发生明显的累积。Mn的累积程度略低,为轻度至中度污染水平。Pb含量接近背景值,显示轻微污染。重金属污染程度顺序为CuAsCrZnMnPb。分析认为,工、矿、旅游业排污等人类活动因素与岩石风化等地球化学过程是沉积物中重金属的两个主要来源,同时也是沉积物中重金属的水平分布产生两种不同特征的主要原因。     

Three-dimensional eutrophication model and application to Taihu Lake, China

Taihu Lake, the largest freshwater shallow lake in eastern China, has suffered from severe eutrophication over the past two decades. This research developed a three-dimensional eutrophication model to investigate the eutrophication dynamics. The model fully coupled the biological processes and hydrodynamics, and also took into account the effects of sediment release and the external loads from the tributaries. After sensitivity analyses, the key parameters were defined and then calibrated by the field observation data. The calibrated model was applied to study the seasonal primary productions and its regional differences. The comparisons between model results and field data in year 2000 indicated that the model is able to simulate the eutrophication dynamics in Taihu Lake with a reasonable accuracy. From the simulation experiments, it was found that the meteorological forcing have significant influences on the temporal variations of the eutrophication dynamics. The wind-induced circulation and sediment distribution play an important role in the spatial distribution of the algae blooms.     

广西环江铅锌矿尾砂坝坍塌对农田土壤的污染及其特征

广西环江县因铅锌金属矿区尾砂坝坍塌导致大面积农田污染甚至绝收.为此,对矿区下游污染区和非污染区的农田土壤、尾砂和河流沉积物进行了系统调查和研究.调查结果表明,农田遭受As、Pb、Zn和cd污染,土壤酸化严重,pH值最低至2.5,全硫含量高达2.29%.X-衍射鉴定结果表明,受污染土壤中存在大量硫铁矿,这是导致土壤酸化的主要物质.由于强酸性淋溶作用的影响,污染农田中La、Ce和Nd等稀土元素发生明显的向下淋溶现象,导致表层土壤La、Ce和Nd元素含量明显低于未污染农田.从土壤剖面分布来看,污染点的土壤中As、Pb和Zn仍主要集中分布在表层0～30 cm范围,发生土壤酸化现象的土层深度仍局限于0～70 cm范围.     

莱州湾地区土壤及底泥中多溴联苯醚水平及其分布

对莱州湾地区十溴联苯醚生产厂家附近土壤及底泥中的多溴联苯醚的含量进行了检测.所采集土壤和河流底泥样品中Σ8 PBDEs(BDE-28、-47、-100、-99、-154、-153、-183、-209) 的含量在58.2～7190.7 ng·g-1(干重)之间, 所有样品中,BDE-209 相对含量最高,其对Σ8PBDEs 的贡献为74.81% ～99.01 %.在8种PBDEs同族体的相关性研究中发现BDE-209与BDE-183、-154、-153、-100、-99呈现显著负相关,相关系数r为-0.842～-0.996(α=0.01).BDE-183、-154、-153、-100、-99之间呈显著正相关,相关系数r为0.805～0.994(α=0.01).产品十溴联苯醚在环境中的降解可能是测定样品中BDE-99、-100、-153、-154、-183的来源之一.     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、可交换态氮与固定态铵的赋存特征

研究了长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、可交换态氮与固定态铵的赋存特征结果表明:①14个沉积物的总氮(TN)含量为768.5～5190 6 mg·kg-1之间,以月湖沉积物TN含量最高,是其它各湖泊沉积物TN含量的2～7倍;可交换态氮(EN)含量为150.92～341.98mg·kg-1,占TN的6.29%～19.64%;固定态铵(F-NH4)含量变化在186 5～462.5mg·kg-1,占TN的8.40%～35.02%.②EN以NH 4-N为主,NO-3-N其次,NO-2-N最低,分别占EN的74.61%～85.85%、13.93%～25.15%和0.17%～0.27%.③EN、NH 4-N、NO-3-N及NO-2-N之间在α=0.01时互为显著正相关,F-NH4与EN、NH 4-N在α=0.05时显著正相关,而与NO-3-N、NO-2-N不相关.④在α=0.01或α=0.05时,EN、NH 4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N和F-NH4分别与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机碳(TOC)、阳离子代换量(CEC)、粉沙粒(Silt)及粘粒(Clay)含量有显著正相关关系,与粗砂粒(Sand)含量有显著负相关关系.除此之外,F-NH4与CaO、Fe2O3和Al2O3均有显著正相关关系.     

Characterization of depth-related microbial communities in lake sediment by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified 16S rRNA fragments

The characterization of microbial communities of different depth sediment samples was examined by a culture-independent method and compared with physicochemical parameters, those are organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, pH and redox potential （Eh）. Total genomic DNA was extracted from samples derived from different depths. After they were amplified with the GC-341 f/907r primer sets of partial bacterial 16S rRNA genes, the products were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. The profile of DGGE fingerprints of different depth sediment samples revealed that the community structure remained relatively stable along the entire 45 cm sediment core, however, principal-component analysis of DGGE patterns revealed that at greater sediment depths, successional shifts in community structure were evident. The principle coordinates analysis suggested that the bacterial communities along the sediment core could be separated into two groups, which were located 0-20 cm and 21-45 cm, respectively. The sequencing dominant bands demonstrated that the major phylogenetic groups identified by DGGE belonged to Bacillus, Bacterium, Brevibacillus, Exiguobacterium, γ-Proteobacterium, Acinetobacter sp. and some uncultured or unidentified bacteria. The results indicated the existence of highly diverse bacterial community in the lake sediment core.     

磁湖底泥重金属污染与潜在生态风险评价

为解磁湖底泥中重金属含量、污染程度以及各污染物的潜在生物毒性,对磁湖8个底泥样品中6种金属元素(Cu、Pb、Ni、As、Hg、Cd)进行了分析研究。利用地累积指数法和单因子评价法对底泥中的重金属污染程度进行了综合性的评价。利用潜在生态风险指数法对磁湖底泥中的重金属潜在生态风险进行了评价,结果表明,磁湖底泥中主要的重金属污染物是Cd和Cu,其次是Pb、As、Ni、Hg。各重金属的潜在生态风险从大到小的排列次序为:Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Hg。     

Decomposition and phosphorus release from four different size fractions of Microcystis spp. taken from Lake Taihu, China

Decomposition of Microcystis is accompanied by the release of phosphorus,during bacteria play an important role.A series of experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effect of bacteria on the decomposition of Microcystis taken from Lake Taihu,China,a lake that is suffering from dense Microcystis blooms.The 16 experiments involved four size fractions of colonial Microcystis with or without the addition of lake sediment and Gram-negative bacterial inhibitor NAN_3.The highest decomposition rates were reco...     

泮河底泥中重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

在对泮河污染现状调查与分析的基础上,采用地累积指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对泮河底泥中重金属污染程度和生态危害进行了评价。结果表明,泮河底泥已经不同程度的受到了Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg的污染;各种重金属的污染程度为:Hg>Cd>Cr>Cu>Zn>Pb。对泮河底泥重金属的潜在危害评价显示,以当地背景值作为参比值进行评价,泮河属于严重的潜在生态风险程度,主要贡献因子是Hg和Cd。     

抚河南昌段底泥重金属污染特征研究

抚河南昌段是指水系从象湖将军闸流入南昌市至滕王阁排出入赣江这一段的河流。对抚河南昌段选择7个采样点采集底泥,分别采用微波消解和五步连续萃取法对抚河底泥中的重金属进行前处理,结合ICP-OES发射光谱仪测定重金属元素的含量。结果表明,抚河南昌段从上游到下游底泥重金属污染总体趋势是逐渐加重;As的平均值1079.835mg/kg,达国家土壤环境质量三级标准的35倍;个别采样点Cu的含量超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准,个别采样点Cr的含量比国家土壤环境质量三级标准的2倍还多。各采样点Cu、Mn的形态分布图很不一致,滕王阁采样点Cu的有机物结合态(S4)最高,占75.55%,Mn的铁锰氧化物结合态(S3)也较高,占50.51%;抚河桥样品Mn的可交换态(S1)最高,占74.68%;各采样点Cu的碳酸盐结合态(S2)都较低,不足20%。残渣态(S5)以将军闸30m(Cu)、司马庙立交桥(Mn)采样点较高,分别为45.40%,45.16%。抚河底泥可用于城市绿化施肥。