EVALUATION OF THE MAXEY-EAKIN METHOD FOR ESTIMATING RECHARGE TO GROUND-WATER BASINS IN NEVADA1

AESTRACT An evaluation of the Maxey-Eakin method for calculating recharge to ground-water basins in Nevada was performed. The evaluation consisted of comparing Maxey-Eakin estimates with independent estimates of recharge, and analyzing the nature of the differences between the groups of estimates. In the comparison with the Maxey-Eakin estimates, two different groups of independent estimates were used: (1) 40 recharge estimates that were identified from water budgets contained in reports by the Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources and (2) 27 recharge estimates that were identified from previous studies that used models. The results of the comparisons indicate generally good agreement between the Maxey-Eakin estimates and both groups of independent estimates. To quantify this agreement, an analysis was conducted to estimate the uncertainty in the Maxey-Eakin method. The analysis produced an upper bound on the standard deviation of the Maxey-Eakin estimate for a given basin. For the group of 40 water-budget estimates, the upper bound on the standard deviation for an individual basin is 4,800 acre-ft/yr, and the corresponding coefficient of variation of the Maxey-Eakin estimate is no greater than 44 percent. For the group of 27 model estimates, the upper bound on the standard deviation is 4,100 acre-ft/yr, and the corresponding coefficient of variation is no greater than 24 percent.     

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FROM BASINS1

ABSTRACT: One of the most common methods of artificial recharge to the ground water is from basins. In this paper, seven analytical solutions that describe artificial recharge from basins are presented. Most of these solutions are derived by directly solving the general partial differential equation for ground water flow. The solutions differ in that they use different boundary conditions, basin shapes, and consider the nonlinearity of the artificial recharge problem differently. Use of each analytical solution is demonstrated in this paper by application to an example problem. A comparison of each analytical solution presented in this paper was made to give suggestions on their use, their ease of implementation, and their relative agreement. Although no attempt is made in the paper to conclude which analytical solution is best for all problems, some general conclusions can be stated on the applicability of the various analytical solutions. Of the analytical solutions presented in this paper, Glovers and Hantush's solutions for rectangular recharge basins are highly recommended. Baumanns solution for a circular basin also gave fairly reliable results and is very easy to evaluate numerically.     

Soils Characteristics of The Bassendean and Spearwood Sands of the Gnangara Mound (Western Australia) and their Controls On Recharge, Water Level Patterns and Solutes of The Superficial Aquifer

The flow pathways of water in the soils of the Gnangara Mound are highly irregular and depend upon the moisture content, the repellency and preferential wettability potential of the soils. The occurrence of preferential flow is more evident in dry soils. As the soil wets during the rainy season, the water repellence and differential wettability decreases, the fingering and the preferential flow paths disappear. Most of the agricultural sites in the Spearwood Sands which showed more irregular flow than the Bassendean Sands are under continuous irrigation during cultivation season. As the repellency problems are chemically treated, it is therefore expected that the flow will be more uniform all the year round. Landuse is mainly responsible for variation in recharge rates; however, the hydraulic properties control aquifer response and water level pattern to a greater degree. Water levels in the mid 1970s were in a semi steady state. Since that time, a combination of increasing water use by pine plantations, heavy pumping from private boreholes in market gardens and private homes and intensive pumping from the Gnangara Mound for the metropolitan water supply have caused water levels to continually decline in the Superficial aquifer. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the regional Superficial aquifer are generally very low. None of the tested pesticides (atrazine, diazinon, dimethoate, endosulfan, fenamiphos, iprodione, malathion and chlorpyrifos) were detected in the groundwater samples collected from the monitoring bores.     

UTILIZING INDUCED RECHARGE FOR REGIONAL AQUIFER MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: The deep aquifers of the Portland Basin are used as a regional water supply by at least six municipalities in Oregon and Washington. Maximum continuous use of the aquifers in 1998 was 13 mgd and peak emergency use was 55 mgd. Continuous use of the deep aquifers at a rate of 55 mgd has been proposed and inchoate water rights have been reserved for expansion of pumping to 121 mgd. A study was completed, using a calibrated ground water flow model, to evaluate the role of induced recharge from the Columbia River in mitigating aquifer drawdown from continuous‐use and expanded pumping scenarios in the center and eastern areas of the basin. The absolute average residual was less than 3.6 feet for steady‐state model calibrations, and less than 8.0 feet for transient calibration to a 42 mgd pumping event in 1987 with 170 feet of drawdown. Continuous use of the aquifers at a rate of 55 mgd is predicted to increase drawdown to 210 feet. Expansion of pumping to 121 mgd in the center basin is predicted to cause 400 feet of drawdown. However, expansion of pumping in the east basin is predicted to result in only 220 feet of drawdown because of induced recharge from the Columbia River.     

DGB处理二级出水用于地下回灌的风险评价

以北京高碑店二级出水为对象,进行了二级出水地下回灌的DGB深度处理工艺的风险评价.GC/MS探测到的优先污染物四氯化碳引起的致癌风险小,可以忽略.二级出水经深度处理,除Cd,Cr略高于回灌标准,其余重金属含量低于回灌要求;通过加氯消毒,可满足回灌水卫生要求.DGB和土壤含水层处理工艺可去除部分致突物,残余的主要是移码型氯化致突物,它们有较强的致突性.      

The Sensitivity of Northern Groundwater Recharge to Climate Change: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska1

Clilverd, Hannah M., Daniel M. White, Amy C. Tidwell, and Michael A. Rawlins, 2011. The Sensitivity of Northern Groundwater Recharge to Climate Change: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1228–1240. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00569.x Abstract: The potential impacts of climate change on northern groundwater supplies were examined at a fractured‐marble mountain aquifer near Nome, Alaska. Well water surface elevations (WSE) were monitored from 2004‐2009 and analyzed with local meteorological data. Future aquifer response was simulated with the Pan‐Arctic Water Balance Model (PWBM) using forcings (air temperature and precipitation) derived from fifth‐generation European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM5) global circulation model climate scenarios for extreme and modest increases in greenhouse gases. We observed changes in WSE due to the onset of spring snowmelt, low intensity and high intensity rainfall events, and aquifer head recession during the winter freeze period. Observed WSE and snow depth compared well with PWBM‐simulated groundwater recharge and snow storage. Using ECHAM5‐simulated increases in mean annual temperature of 4‐8°C by 2099, the PWBM predicted that by 2099 later freeze‐up and earlier snowmelt will decrease seasonal snow cover by one to two months. Annual evapotranspiration and precipitation are predicted to increase 27‐40% (55‐81 mm) and 33‐42% (81‐102 mm), respectively, with the proportion of snowfall in annual precipitation decreasing on average 9‐25% (p < 0.05). The amount of snowmelt is not predicted to change significantly by 2099; however, a decreasing trend is evident from 2060 in the extreme ECHAM5 greenhouse gas scenario. Increases in effective precipitation were predicted to be great enough to sustain sufficient groundwater recharge.     

莱州湾滨海平原咸水入侵分析与趋势预测——以山东省广饶县为例

文章以鲁北平原山东省广饶县为例,阐述了咸、淡水形成的地质背景、咸淡水变化带形成与演化;分析了大规模开发利用地下水引起的咸水入侵的历史与现状;采用非确定性模型方法对咸水入侵趋势进行了预测,提出了缓解咸水入侵的对策与建议。取得的主要认识和结论为:(1)鲁北平原自山前冲洪积扇向莱州湾滨海平原,地下水水质具有水平和垂直分带特征;(2)20世纪70年代中期大量开采南部地下淡水后,地下淡水水位持续下降,破坏了咸淡水之间的水动力平衡,北部咸水向南入侵,引起淡水咸水、机井报废等一系列环境地质问题;(3)预测结果表明,在不采取调控措施情况下,咸淡水界面以每年平均240m速度向南部推进;(4)人工回灌、营造淡水帷幕并减少淡水区开采量是防止咸水入侵的有效途径。     

人工地下水回灌过程中溶解性有机物的去除及变化

在实验室通过模拟土壤柱研究了人工地下水回灌过程中溶解性有机物的去除及其三卤甲烷生成势和三卤甲烷生成活性的变化.利用XAD树脂将回灌水中的溶解性有机物分为3个部分：疏水性有机酸、过渡亲水性有机酸和亲水性有机物.疏水性有机酸的三卤甲烷生成活性高于过渡亲水性有机酸和亲水性有机物.土壤含水层处理（SAT）对亲水性有机物的去除率为68.51%,对疏水性有机酸和过渡亲水性有机酸的去除率分别为58.64%和41.86%.经SAT系统处理后,溶解性有机物及各有机组分的三卤甲烷生成势减少,而三卤甲烷生成活性升高.疏水性有机酸是生成三卤甲烷的主要有机组分.亲水性有机物在SAT系统进水中的三卤甲烷生成活性较低,但由于含量高,三卤甲烷生成势也较大.而过渡亲水性有机酸由于含量和三卤甲烷生成活性较低,三卤甲烷生成势也较低.     

大庆湖泊湿地水体的补给和水体污染防治

大庆湖泊湿地生态环境十分脆弱性,保证湖泊湿地水体的水量和质量是维系湿地生态系统健康的必要因素,也是大庆湖泊湿地建设和利用关键问题。采用引嫩补水、城区经过处理的生活污水补给和雨水的收集,保证湿地有足够的水量。截断直接排放污水的污染源,实施湖泊湿地水体的连通工程,建成自然或人工湿地污水处理系统,净化湿地水体。在局部形成水的循环系统,从而达到水体污染防治的目的。     

内蒙古典型草原灌丛和草地斑块土壤水分入渗特征

Water is the most critical factor for controlling the vegetation pattern in arid and semiarid regions. Using a dye-tracing experiment, we analyzed the infiltration pattern beneath shrub canopy and interspace grass patches in typical steppe ecosystems. The dye coverage, uniform infiltration depth, maximum infiltration depth, total stained area and heterogeneous infiltration stained area were measured by two indices, the maximum infiltration depth index (MIDI) and heterogeneous infiltration index (HII), which were calculated by processing dye-stained photos. The MIDI and HII of soil under shrubs were 1.41±0.14 and 0.29±0.068, respectively, and larger than those of grass soil, 1.26±0.14 and 0.20±0.076. Using the MIDI, HII, field soil moisture and rainfall data, the infiltration depth and heterogeneous infiltration amount for 26 nature rainfall events were calculated. The results imply that water can infiltrate to a deeper layer beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches and that more water infiltration occurs beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches. These results are of prime importance for arid and semiarid ecosystems with a limited water supply due to high evaporation and low precipitation.