Effects of low concentration biodiesel blend application on modern passenger cars. Part 1: Feedstock impact on regulated pollutants, fuel consumption and particle emissions

Five biodiesels from different feedstocks (rapeseed, soy, sunflower, palm, and used fried oils) blended with diesel at 10% vol. ratio (B10), were tested on a Euro 3 common-rail passenger car. Limited effects (−2% to +4%) were observed on CO₂ emissions. CO and HC emissions increased between 10% and 25% on average, except at high speed - high power where emissions were too low to draw conclusions. NOx emissions increased by up to 20% for two out of the five blends, decreased by up to 15% for two other blends, and remained unchanged for one blend. Particulate matter (PM) was reduced for all blends by up to 25% and the reductions were positively correlated with the extent of biodiesel saturation. PM reductions are associated with consistent reductions in non-volatile particle number. A variable behaviour in particle number is observed when volatile particles are also accounted.     

The relationships between air pollutants, meteorological parameters and concentration of airborne fungal spores

Fungal spores are an important component of bioaerosol and also considered to act as indicator of the level of atmospheric bio-pollution. Therefore, better understanding of these phenomena demands a detailed survey of airborne particles.The objective of this study was to examine the dependence of two the most important allergenic taxa of airborne fungi - Alternaria and Cladosporium - on meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations during three consecutive years (2006-2008). This study is also an attempt to create artificial neural network (ANN) forecasting models useful in the prediction of aeroallergen abundance.There were statistically significant relationships between spore concentration and environmental parameters as well as pollutants, confirmed by the Spearman’s correlation rank analysis and high performance of the ANN models obtained. The concentrations of Cladosporium and Alternaria spores can be predicted with quite good accuracy from meteorological conditions and air pollution recorded three days earlier.     

西北石化区周围毒害类空气污染物污染特征及健康风险评价

采用SUMMA罐、活性炭吸附及玻璃纤维滤膜富集3种方式,于2014年12月对西北地区3个代表性炼化生产基地周围环境空气收集样品,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用、气相色谱法及高效液相色谱法3种方法,对13种典型毒害类物质进行分析,以研究其污染特征和人群健康风险.结果表明,3个石化区周围环境空气中8种毒害类物质普遍检出,检出率超过80%;石化区苯系物、1,3-丁二烯、对二氯苯、苯并[a]芘平均质量浓度范围分别为48.01~182.75μg·m~(-3)、6.28~7.95μg·m~(-3)、5.53~12.62μg·m~(-3)、7.03~36.08 ng·m~(-3).其中,苯并[a]芘超标最为严重,日均浓度超二级标准限值1.8~13.4倍,苯、甲苯、二甲苯也存在不同程度超标现象.3个石化区苯并[a]芘、1,3-丁二烯非致癌健康风险均已超出可接受的风险水平,兰州石化区周围人群遭受苯的非致癌不良影响风险也较高.与此同时,苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、对二氯苯、苯并[a]芘的致癌风险均超出了可接受的范围,其中苯、1,3-丁二烯、对二氯苯的致癌风险最为显著.     

Influence of agricultural activities, forest fires and agro-industries on air quality in Thailand

Annual and monthly-based emission inventories in northern, central and north-eastern provinces in Thailand, where agriculture and related agro-industries are very intensive, were estimated to evaluate the contribution of agricultural activity, including crop residue burning, forest fires and related agro-industries on air quality monitored in corresponding provinces. The monthly-based emission inventories of air pollutants, or, particulate matter (PM), NOx and SO₂, for various agricultural crops were estimated based on information on the level of production of typical crops: rice, corn, sugarcane, cassava, soybeans and potatoes using emission factors and other parameters related to country-specific values taking into account crop type and the local residue burning period. The estimated monthly emission inventory was compared with air monitoring data obtained at monitoring stations operated by the Pollution Control Department, Thailand (PCD) for validating the estimated emission inventory. The agro-industry that has the greatest impact on the regions being evaluated, is the sugar processing industry, which uses sugarcane as a raw material and its residue as fuel for the boiler. The backward trajectory analysis of the air mass arriving at the PCD station was calculated to confirm this influence. For the provinces being evaluated which are located in the upper northern, lower northern and northeast in Thailand, agricultural activities and forest fires were shown to be closely correlated to the ambient PM concentration while their contribution to the production of gaseous pollutants is much less.     

国家大气污染物排放标准体系研究

科学合理的大气污染物排放标准体系,有助于全面系统地控制大气污染源,提高大气环境保护工作效力,改善整体大气环境质量.在深入研究国家大气环境标准体系发展历程、现状及特点的基础上,指出了目前标准体系存在的不配套、不协调和不完善的问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议.     

韩国西海岸地区停车场径流携带沉积物的粒径分布及污染特征研究

为了解沿海地区城市停车场内径流携带沉积物的粒径分布及污染特征,于2011年4—6月在韩国西海岸12个不同停车场采集了沉积物样品,分别分析了其粒径分布和各粒径中污染物质的含量.结果表明,不同采样点的废弃物形态差异较大,主要表现在较大的植物茎叶、烟蒂及动物粪便等废弃物和含水率等方面.不同采样点的颗粒物粒径大小不同,其颗粒物的均一性也有所差异.总体来讲,106～500μm之间的颗粒物是径流携带沉积物的主要组成部分,其平均质量分数占总体(<2360μm)颗粒物的59.9%.对不同粒径中污染物质的含量分析得出,颗粒物中污染物质的含量随粒径增大而减小.其中,<106μm的颗粒物中总氮、总磷、COD和挥发性物质的质量分别占各污染物总量的18.9%、17.8%、20.41%和18.9%,而该部分颗粒物本身的平均质量分数只有3.9%.可见<106μm的颗粒物处于高度污染状态.因此,在城市停车场面源污染管理中,应该对该部分高度污染的颗粒物给以足够的重视.对于不同污染特征的颗粒物应该采用不同的去除方法.     

基于能源-环境情景模拟的北京市大气污染对居民健康风险评价研究

保护居民健康是北京市能源系统优化管理和大气污染治理的重要目标.本研究基于北京市的社会经济发展目标并结合相关节能减排和环保要求,针对全市2010-2020年间的能源消费分别设计了高、中、低3种约束情景,通过LEAP模型预测了全市至2020年的能源消费量与S02、NOx、PM10和PM2.5等4种主要大气污染物的排放强度,并采用泊松回归模型对3种情景下主城区居民受环境空气中这4种大气污染物的暴露危害所导致的健康风险进行了评估.结果显示:相对低约束情景,高约束情景至2020年可避免与S02、NOx、PM10和PM2.5污染相关的死亡危害分别为2663、6359、4720和4104人·a-1,而且在高约束情景下煤炭消费比重每下降1％,可相应地避免约1400人·a-1的污染急性死亡.由此建议北京市实施更加严格的节能和减排措施,严控煤炭消费总量,进一步优化能源结构,最大程度地降低能源消费导致的大气污染所产生的居民健康风险.     

饮用水水源地严格管理水质的对策分析——对实行严格水资源管理问题上的看法和建议

2012年1月国务院发布了《关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见》,这是众所关注的要事,实行了最严格水资源管理的原则精神以及确定县级以上政府负总责的规定.但对如何严格管理的技术路线和对策措施上,特针对现实中存在的主要问题提出以下3点看法和建议:①达到地面水环境质量Ⅱ类水质的饮用水水源地不一定未受污染;②保护区内企业车间排水口符合第一类污染物最高允许排放浓度规定是满足饮用水水源地要求的必要条件;③《地面水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)对第一类污染物规定的Ⅱ类水质,是否体现了水环境背景值有较大存疑.     

天津市环境空气中恶臭感官定量评价分析

为研究环境空气恶臭污染特征,以天津市区为研究区域,分别在夏秋两季对天津市内六区的环境空气中恶臭感官浓度进行了监测。结果显示,在观测期间臭气浓度在限值（以《恶臭污染物排放标准》厂界臭气浓度限值20作为参照）范围以内的样品数量夏季占63％,而秋季占18％;通过多元线性回归方法建立了典型恶臭污染物与恶臭感官浓度的定量表达式,计算出典型恶臭污染物对市区环境空气的臭气浓度贡献率占59％。通过对实测值与预测值的拟合情况的分析,表明该回归方程可以较好的预测天津市环境空气中夏季恶臭感官浓度。