增塑剂烟雾治理方法比较

软ＰＶＣ制品生产中产生大量含增塑剂烟雾，形成恶臭污染。目前采用废气预热焚烧法、旋风除雾法、冷凝过滤法和高压静电除雾法治理，本文对这四种方法作出分析比较，认为高压静电除雾法为较适宜的方法，在气温较高的地区尤为适用；并对该法的缺陷及防止措施一一作介绍。     

赤峰市城区大气监测点位代表性与可比性验证

本文针对赤峰市９５－９７年监测数据运用的因素方差分析法及《国家环境监测网络大气监测点位验收标准》规定的数据检查指标验证方法，对需区三个大气监测点位愈生与可比性进行了验证，验证结果表明：松山一中测点代表性较差；其余各点位及其点位之间符合标准要求，并无显著差异，具有良好的代表性和可比性。     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

紫木凼金矿开采过程中的环境效应:1.污染状况对比

金矿开采具有其独特的环境效应 ,特别是贵州等地的卡林型金矿 ,因为这种金矿富含As、Tl、Hg、Sb、Pb等有毒元素 ,而且矿区发育喀斯特地形 ,使这类金矿的开采具有“毒上加毒”的污染特征和“明暗相间”的污染扩散迁移特征。本文通过对紫木凼金矿从1 989年到 1 995年开采六年间土壤、地表水、地下水的监测项目的变化对比 ,证明了黄金生产造成了矿区土壤、地表水、地下水中CN- 、As、Hg、Pb、Zn等的增高 ,其中以对地表水的影响最大 ;确定了主要的污染源有采矿废石、矿渣及废液 ,主要污染物有CN- 、As、Hg、Pb和Zn ,由于矿区Tl的区域背景值较低 ,未造成Tl的二次污染。     

与韧性剪切带有关的不同金矿化类型地质地球化学特征对比研究

与韧性剪切带有关的金矿化类型主要有蚀变糜棱岩型、构造蚀变岩型和石英脉型。不同金矿化类型具有不同的控矿构造类型 ,蚀变糜棱岩型金矿化受韧性变形带控制 ,构造蚀变岩型金矿化受脆性碎裂岩控制 ,石英脉型金矿化则受浅部裂隙带控制 ;未矿化糜棱岩变形越强 ,金元素含量就越低 ,超糜棱岩明显低于粗糜棱岩 ,但强烈变形的糜棱岩容易叠加后期的矿化蚀变 ;在时空关系上 ,同一成矿期内石英脉型金矿化稍晚于构造蚀变岩型和蚀变糜棱岩型金矿化 ,且石英脉型往往穿切蚀变糜棱岩型和构造蚀变岩型 ;在地球化学特征方面 ,与构造蚀变岩型和蚀变糜棱岩型相比 ,石英脉型的轻重稀土元素比值较大 ,更富集轻同位素 ;在成矿物理化学条件方面 ,与构造蚀变岩型和蚀变糜棱岩型相比 ,石英脉型的成矿温度低、压力小、成矿深度浅。从构造带成生演化的时空统一的角度分析可知 ,这三类金矿化都是在造山过程中韧性剪切带持续演化变形的条件下形成的 ,这种韧性剪切带持续演化变形是形成大型金矿床的重要条件之一。     

Steel sharpens steel: A review of multilevel competition and competitiveness in organizations

Competition between individuals permeates people's lives as they strive for limited resources, services, and status. However, research on competition and competitiveness in organizations is limited despite its relevance to relational dynamics (e.g., rivalry), individual differences (e.g., traits and gender), social factors (e.g., competitive climate), and organizational outcomes (e.g., work performance and unethical behavior). In this article, we propose a multilevel model of competition and competitiveness that includes the individual, the group, and the situation. By providing a holistic overview of research across a broad array of disciplines, we organize the field and create a usable framework to advance knowledge of competition and competitiveness. In doing so, we identify what we know, what we still need to discover, and provide direction for future research. The article closes with an assessment of methods and measures used in studying competition. In conclusion, this review establishes a multilevel and integrative structure that incorporates individual and team competitiveness with competitive situations that prompt competitive processes and important organizational outcomes.     

基于FLACS CFD的不同气油比油气混输管道泄漏火灾后果对比

不同气油比的油气混输管道泄漏后果危害形式和风险差异的准确判断对于管道泄漏应急处置至关重要。以中国西部某油田集输管道为研究对象,针对不同气油比管道泄漏的火灾危害进行了对比分析,构建了FLACS CFD模型,并研究了油气混输管道原油泄漏形成池火的火灾特征和影响范围,以及天然气泄漏形成喷射火的高温分布和影响规律。研究结果表明:应急处置应考虑不同气油比下池火与喷射火危害的差异。在油气混输管线泄漏10 min形成稳定火焰的场景中,气油比低于100 m3/t时,原油池火为火灾危险的主要影响因素;气油比高于200 m3/t时,天然气喷射火为主要影响因素;气油比超过250 m3/t,高温覆盖距离不再明显增加;40 m为此场景下混输油气泄漏喷射火致死距离上限,120 m为温度影响上限。     

Sequential sampling: A cost-effective approach for monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates in environmental impact assessments

Sequential sampling is a method for monitoring benthic macroinvertebrates that can significantly reduce the number of samples required to reach a decision, and consequently, decrease the cost of benthic sampling in environmental impact assessments.Rather than depending on a fixed number of samples, this analysis cumulatively compares measured parameter values (for example, density, community diversity) from individual samples, with thresholds that are based on specified degrees of precision.In addition to reducing sample size, a monitoring program based on sequential sampling can provide clear-cut decisions as to whethera priori-defined changes in the measured parameter(s) have or have not occurred. As examples, sequential sampling programs have been developed to evaluate the impact of geothermal energy development on benthic macroinvertebrate diversity at The Geysers, California, and for monitoring the impact of crude oil contamination on chironomid midge [Cricotopus bicinctus (Meigen) andC. mackenziensis Oliver] population densities in the Trail River, Northwest Territories, Canada.     

EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE GARRISON DIVERSION UNIT1

ABSTRACT: The Garrison Diversion Unit is a multipurpose water resources project which is currently under development for the purpose of diverting water from the Missouri River basin to irrigate farmland in North Dakota. Due to the objections raised by various interest groups, the project has recently been reviewed by the International Joint Commission. This article surveys the background to the project and the various alternatives that have been proposed. By utilizing recently developed fuzzy set techniques, the proposed alternatives are evaluated and a plausible solution is proposed. The results of the study indicate that it may be advisable to remove the Souris Loop irrigation area from the Garrison project but the environmental impacts of the study may preclude the implementation of any alternative that can affect Canada. These findings are in partial agreement with the recommendations of the International Joint Commission.     

Size distribution in ultraphytoplankton: A comparative analysis of counting methods

Water samples taken at three depth layers from the offshore oligotrophic Cretan Sea were analyzed for ultraphytoplankton size fractionation using different methods: (a) sequential filtration on filters of pore size 5, 1 and 0.2 m, (b) separate filtration using filters 5 and 0.2 m as well as 1 and 0.2 m and (c) direct filtration on 0.2 m filters after staining of the samples with DAPI. Total abundance of photosynthetic organisms as well as the abundance of different groups such as flagellates and cyanobacteria measured by means of sizing after DAPI staining were significantly higher than those obtained by the other methods. This indicates that although there were no significant differences between the estimates provided by the separate and sequential filtration, both these methods underestimated total abundance by at least 25–50%. The estimates for the size fractions were also found to range from relatively imprecise to completely unreliable depending on the group and the size range. Although size fractionation through direct observation after staining largely depends on the expertise of the observer, this study suggests that it may provide more informative estimates than the other two methods. Although it is difficult to generalize the results of this study in a global context, the paper provides strong indications on the limitations of the sequential and separate methods for size fractionation of photosynthetic organisms and implies that their results are likely to be less accurate than is presently believed.