零价铁修复土壤及地下水的PRB技术

零价铁可渗活性栅(Fe0-PRB)技术,被证明是一项修复由卤代烃、卤代芳烃和有机氯农药以及一些有毒金属(如铬、硒、铀、砷和锝等)引起的土壤及地下水污染的有效技术。本文介绍了零价铁还原脱氯的机理以及影响反应速率的因素;进一步讨论了国内外利用零价铁修复受污染土壤及地下水的研究现状和发展趋势。     

不同形式电极与染料溶液的反应及其能耗

本研究对分散红E-4B、还原深蓝BO和酸性红B等三种染料分别用三维电极法和平板电极法进行了电解,结果表明三维电极法比平板电极法节能可达70%以上;并且电解效果越好的染料,采用三维电极法电解节能效果越明显.并且在不同pH值条件下,对酸性红B进行电解实验,结果表明在不同pH值条件下,色度去除率基本相同,中性条件下TOC的去除效果较好.     

Concentrations of chlorine, bromine and iodine in Japanese rivers

Concentrations of halogens (Cl, Br and I) in 30 Japanese rivers were measured by ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to understand their behavior in the terrestrial environment. Concentrations of Cl, Br and I in each river, obtained at 10 sampling points from the upper stream to the river mouth, tended to increase near the river mouth. The ranges of geometric means of Cl, Br and I in each river were 1.0–19.4 mg l⁻¹, 2.5–67.9 μg l⁻¹, and 0.18–8.34 μg l⁻¹, respectively. To compare halogen behavior, the concentration ratios, Br/Cl and I/Cl, were calculated. The Br/Cl range was (2.3–7.8) × 10⁻³ (geometric mean: 3.74 × 10⁻³), and it was nearly constant except for the Yoneshiro river. It was estimated that 60–80% of total Br in the middle to lower parts of this river was the excess Br. The Br chemical form in all the rivers is generally considered to be Br⁻. The I/Cl ratios had different trends in rivers flowing into the Japan Sea and Pacific Ocean, possibly due to the different geological features in the river catchments.     

选择性排泥改善颗粒污泥亚硝化性能的研究

通过好氧颗粒污泥反应器160d的运行,考察了选择性分离颗粒污泥对改善短程硝化工艺长期稳定运行的有效性.反应器整个运行过程分3个阶段,在第一阶段污泥停留时间(SRT)仅通过出水中携带的污泥自行调控,SRT极高,造成颗粒污泥的解体以及短程硝化性能的恶化.阶段2和阶段3中通过排出颗粒污泥床顶部污泥,控制SRT分别为(45±5),(30±5)d,氨氧化细菌(AOB)活性有明显提升.NO2--N比累积速率由阶段1运行时的7.44mg/(g·h)上升至阶段2时的8.08mg/(g·h)和阶段3时的9.14mg/(g·h);相反,NO3--N比产生速率从3.01mg/(g·h)下降至SRT为(30±5)d时的1.54mg/(g·h);阶段3出水中亚硝化率达80%以上.以上结果表明,通过选择性分离颗粒污泥控制SRT是实现短程硝化颗粒污泥工艺长期稳定运行的一种有效调控策略.另外,分析认为反应器高径比越大以及引入与NOB竞争亚硝酸盐基质的微生物均有利于该策略的实施.     

Pd/Ti电极上2,4,6-三氯酚还原脱氯:条件优化及降解途径

利用电沉积法制备了Pd/Ti电极,用于2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)的电还原脱氯.采用单因素实验和响应面分析法,探讨了2,4,6-TCP脱氯试验条件;根据实验结果,拟合出了脱氯中各步骤的反应速率常数.结果表明,2,4,6-TCP初始浓度为80mg/L时,优化的脱氯参数为电流为5mA,支持电解质Na2SO4浓度为0.05mol/L,阴极电解液初始pH值为2.40.在优化条件下, 2,4,6-TCP在80min内完全脱氯; 2,4,6-TCP的还原脱氯符合准一级反应动力学,主要脱氯途径为2,4,6-TCP→2,6-DCP→2-CP→苯酚.     

煤矿区废水中溶解性有机质与铜的结合特性

为研究煤矿区废水排放对环境中重金属化学行为的影响,通过荧光滴定实验,利用铜离子选择电极法和荧光猝灭法定量化研究了矿井水和生活污水中溶解性有机质对铜的结合行为.结果表明,铜离子选择性电极法能精确地定量化这2类废水中有机质对铜的结合容量,其中矿井水中有机质对铜具有较大的结合容量,可以达到163.9mg/g,而生活污水中有机质对铜的结合容量相对较小,只有72.6mg/g.荧光猝灭法结果表征了这2类废水中各个组分对铜的结合特性,其中矿井水中的富里酸(A峰)对铜具有较强的结合容量,而生活污水中的类蛋白组分对铜的结合能力相对较弱.2类废水与铜结合前后的红外光谱变化结果表明矿井水中腐殖酸物质与铜的结合是一种化学反应,其中的酚羟基和羧基等官能团参与了反应,但生活污水中类蛋白物质的官能团与铜并没有发生化学结合反应.     

Multielement techniques for determination of Inorganics in Watert†

Several analytical techniques offer the capability of simultaneously determining 5–40 elements. Of those techniques available, two are receiving extensive attention for analysis of water samples. Optical emission spectrometry utilizing plasma excitation has now evolved to a status in which 20–40 elements can be simultaneously determined on a routine basis. Instrumentation which relies on ion exchange chromatography separations is available which allows the routine determination of several cationic and/or anionic species.

The present discussion will briefly describe each of the above multielement analysis systems, summarize their respective capabilities and limitations with respect to water analysis, and project areas of future development.     

电化学氧化法在难降解有机废水处理中的应用

从不同废水种类论述了目前国内外有关电化学氧化处理有机废水的基本原理及应用现状．并讨论了该领域研究中存在的问题和发展方向。     

The State of Populations and Selective Hunting of Game Ungulates in the Middle Urals

The population dynamics of moose, wild boar, and roe deer in the Middle Urals and changes in the proportion of females among the animals taken by hunters were analyzed. For all the three species, a tendency toward selective hunting for females was revealed. In this situation, the proportion of females in a population decreases with time, and its reproductive potential is impaired.     

Regeneration of industrial district wastewater using a combination of Fenton process and ion exchange—A case study

Regeneration studies of wastewater effluent from an organized industrial district (OID) for possible reuse in textile industry as process water was investigated. Advanced treatment methods including Fenton process, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) coagulation and ion exchange were applied on OID effluent. In Fenton process removal efficiencies for suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), SAC₄₃₆ (spectral absorption coefficient), SAC₅₂₅ and SAC₆₂₀ were determined 61%, 36%, 35%, 49% and 67%, respectively. After Fenton process, wastewater samples were coagulated with PAC. Optimum removal efficiencies for SS, COD, Fe ion, SAC₄₃₆, SAC₅₂₅ and SAC₆₂₀ were determined 83%, 18%, 93%, 32%, 36% and 58%, respectively. Ion exchange experiments were conducted on chemically coagulated wastewater samples to improve the quality of wastewater. Optimum dosage of resins was determined. The experiments revealed that 1:1 resin ratio (20 mL H-type resin:20 mL OH-type resin) gave the best removal rates for the parameters considered in this study. Study results indicated that quality of the wastewater was suitable for the process water characteristics of textile industry and unit wastewater treatment cost was determined as 2.54 €/m³.