关于河流纳污混合水质概率稀释模型及其应用研究

本文以淮河干流上游息县和维滨两个城关纳污河段为例，根据扩散理论和概率学理论，尝试建立了河流纳污混合水质浓度概率稀释模型。并研究确定了概率稀释模型在河流污染控制中的应用方法和技术路线。与实测结果比较，概率稀释模型方法计算更具有准确性和科学合理性．对水质评价和规划河流污染治理方案具有重要指导意义，对实现淮河水质返清目标有积极贡献。     

五日生化需氧量测定中稀释倍数的估算

假定样品经过培养后耗氧率达５５％；推导出ＢＯＤ５稀释倍数Ｋ＝ＢＯＤ５／４．４，由稀释程度规定推导出ＢＯＤ５稀释倍数Ｋ＝（ＢＯＤ５－１）／４．０两种方法Ｋ基本相同，标准样品，工业废水经上述方法稀释后，测定结果比较满意，尤其对工业废水测定，既缩短了分析时间，又降低了测定误差。     

测量固定源可凝结颗粒物的稀释间接法及系统

固定源排放的可凝结颗粒物（CPM）已引起广泛关注,但我国尚没有标准测量方法.本研究报道了可用于固定源可凝结颗粒物测量的稀释间接法,并开发了基于单旋风切割头的测量系统,提高了可凝结颗粒物测量的准确性及测量仪器的便携性.在常温和烟气温度下旋风切割头的颗粒物分离效率均满足国际标准对切割头分离效率的要求.基于燃煤电厂等固定源现场评测结果和测量系统适用性的考量,建议稀释间接法及测量系统的关键运行参数如下：稀释比为10∶1,停留时间为10 s,稀释后的烟气温度≤30℃,相对湿度≤70%.用所研发的稀释间接法测量系统对燃煤电厂、钢铁厂烧结机机头和钢铁焦化厂总排口可凝结颗粒物进行了测试,结果表明,燃煤电厂总排口CPM平均浓度为（0.8±0.3）mg·m^-3,钢铁厂烧结机机头总排口CPM平均浓度为（6.2±1.7）mg·m^-3,钢铁焦化厂总排口CPM平均浓度为（1.2±0.8）mg·m^-3.     

Hexavalent chromium reduction kinetics in rodent stomach contents

Reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) to trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) in the stomach prior to absorption is a well-recognized detoxification process thought to limit the toxicity of ingested Cr(VI). However, administration of high concentrations of Cr(VI) in drinking water cause mouse small intestinal tumors, and quantitative measures of Cr(VI) reduction rate and capacity for rodent stomach contents are needed for interspecies extrapolation using physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models. Ex vivo studies using stomach contents of rats and mice were conducted to quantify Cr(VI) reduction rate and capacity for loading rates (1-400 mg Cr(VI) L⁻¹ stomach contents) in the range of recent bioassays. Cr(VI) reduction was measured with speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry to quantify dynamic Cr(VI) and Cr(III) concentrations in stomach contents at select time points over 1 h. Cr(VI) reduction followed mixed second-order kinetics, dependent upon concentrations of both Cr(VI) and the native reducing agents. Approximately 16 mg Cr(VI)-equivalents of reducing capacity per L of fed stomach contents (containing gastric secretions, saliva, water and food) was found for both species. The second-order rate constants were 0.2 and 0.3 L mg⁻¹ h⁻¹ for mice and rats, respectively. These findings support that, at the doses that caused cancer in the mouse small intestine (?20 mg Cr(VI) L⁻¹ in drinking water), the reducing capacity of stomach contents was likely exceeded. Thus, for extrapolation of target tissue dose in risk assessment, PBTK models are necessary to account for competing kinetic rates including second order capacity-limited reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).     

改进污径比计算方法及应用

为了使现行污径比更加科学合理,提出底标比、排标比和危害系数并用来对原污径比进行改进完善.以东辽河为例,对新污径比进行检验.结果表明,新污径比不仅能作为生态水质评价的指标,还能量化反映河流环境容量盈亏度.新污径比还可以更广泛地应用到水资源水质评价、水资源承载力计算和区域可持续发展等研究领域.     

Mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis for accurate determination of elements in environmental samples†

The application of mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis in environmental analytical chemistry is described. Different ionization methods used in mass spectrometry for isotope dilution analysis and the advantage of isotope dilution analysis owing to its accuracy are discussed. The principle of the isotope dilution technique is explained using thallium analysis as an example. Possible methods of sample decomposition for organic and inorganic matrices and of element separation are given. Using lead, cadmium and thallium analyses as examples the application of mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis for determination of toxic metals in environmental samples is shown. The determination of chloride and bromide traces in snow is given as an example of non‐metal analysis. The possibility of determining pure elements by the isotope dilution technique using a long‐lived radioactive isotope as a spike is discussed.     

Spatio-temporal vigilance architecture of an Australian flying-fox colony

The social structure of animal aggregations may vary considerably in both space and time, yet little is known about how this affects vigilance. Here, we investigate the vigilance architecture of a colony of wild-living grey-headed flying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) in Australia and examine how spatial as well as temporal variation in social organization influences social and environmental vigilance. We sampled color-marked individuals at different stages of the reproductive cycle and the year and at different locations in the colony to examine the effects of temporal and spatial factors on social and environmental vigilance. We found that vigilance architecture reflected the social structure of the colony, with the highest environmental vigilance being displayed by bats at the periphery of the colony, and the highest social vigilance by bats that roosted at intermediate distances from the colony’s edge. Furthermore, we found that vigilance levels reflected changes in reproductive state, with social vigilance increasing toward the mating season, particularly in males. Our findings show that spatial and temporal variation in social structure can have differential effects on social and environmental vigilance. This highlights the necessity to differentiate between functions of vigilance to understand fully vigilance architecture in aggregations of social animals.     

稀释倍数法的误差分析和色度检测仪的开发

稀释倍数法是目前废水色度检测中常用的方法,文章对该方法存在的误差进行了分析,并设计了一种新型色度检测仪,可以大大降低色度测定的误差,同时简化了操作过程。     

Biogeochemical distinction of methane releases from two Amazon hydroreservoirs

Biogeochemical distinction of methane emissions to the atmosphere may essentially rely on the surface area and morphometry of Amazon hydroreservoirs. Tucuruí (deep) and Samuel (shallow) reservoirs released in average 13.82 ± 22.94 and 71.19 ± 107.4 mg CH₄ m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively. δ¹³C–CH₄ values from the sediments to the atmosphere indicate that the deep reservoir has extended methanotrophic layer, oxidizing large quantities of light isotope methane coming from the sediments, while sediment-generated methane can easily evade the shallow reservoir.     

Suggestion on further strengthening ultra-low emission standards for PM emission from coal-fired power plants in China

China has established the largest clean coal-fired power generation system in the world by accomplishing the technological transformation of coal-fired power plants(CFPPs) to achieve ultra-low emission. The potential for further particulate matter(PM) emission reduction to achieve near-zero emission for CFPPs has become a hotspot issue. In this study,PM emission from some ultra-low emission CFPPs adopting advanced air pollutant control technologies in China was reviewed. The results revealed tha...