液化石油气钢瓶爆炸事故分析与思考

我国液化气钢瓶使用量大而广,液化气钢瓶事故时有发生。由于使用者安全意识不强,气瓶违法充装、超期不检、违规检验或修理改造报废气瓶等问题导致的气瓶事故仍居高不下,是造成我国液化气钢瓶事故的主要原因。另外,违法将二甲醚掺入液化石油气钢瓶,液化石油气钢瓶管理混乱也是事故发生的主要原因。该文在分析事故原因的基础上,提出调换液化石油气钢瓶,在使用时有人看管,液化石油气钢瓶必须直立使用,放置位置不要靠近热源等几条液化石油气安全使用要点分析与事故处置。以加大对液化石油气钢瓶事故灾害预防、隐患治理工作,加大对用户安全使用常识的宣传教育工作,杜绝事故的发生。     

Case study: Assessment on large scale LPG BLEVEs in the 2011 Tohoku earthquakes

After the 2011 Tohoku earthquakes, several chemical and oil complexes on the Pacific Ocean shoreline of northeast Japan experienced massive losses. In Chiba, a refinery operated by Cosmo Oil lost 17 LPG storage vessels which were either heavily damaged or totally destroyed by fires and explosions in the refinery. These large vessels ranged in size from 1000 to 5000 m³. The estimated volume of LPG at the time of the incident was between 400 and 5000 m³ for each vessel. Five boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs) of LPG occurred, resulting in huge fire balls measuring about 500 m in diameter.A BLEVE is defined as the explosive release of expanding vapor and boiling liquid when a container holding a pressure-liquefied gas fails catastrophically. It is thus important to estimate the physical properties of superheated liquids: the thermodynamic and transport properties, the intrinsic limits to superheating and depressurization, and the nature of thermodynamic paths. Also it is hoped to provide better understanding of the vessels designed, manufactured, installed, and operated to reduce or eliminate the probability that a sequence of events will result in BLEVE or loss of primary containment. Knowledge of these matters is still incomplete. The objective of this research is to estimate the significant BLEVE phenomenon in very large scale spherical vessels based on published information in Japan. There are some models predicting BLEVEs. However, it is essential to know if this is true for very large scales such as spheres since validation is usually rare to provide confidence in estimating the superheated liquids behaviors. To this end, comparing with the information on this event, the conditions in the five LPG vessels at the time of the BLEVE were determined in terms of: duration of vessel failure (time to BLEVE); mass fraction in the vessel with time; temperature distribution in the liquid and vapor region and pressure within the vessel (e.g. initial pressure and internal high-speed transient pressure during failure), by means of a computer program AFFTAC Analysis of Fire Effects on Tank Cars, which solves heat conduction, stress and a failure model of the tank, a thermodynamic model of its fluid contents, and a flow model for the lading flowing through the safety relief device. Subsequently, the consequences from the sphere BLEVE, such as the expected fireball diameter and duration and the expected blast overpressure produced by the BLEVE failures, are also subjects of active research. Here the blast using the methods of PHAST and SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering was calculated.Results suggest that methodologies here used gave reasonable estimations for such real and huge BLEVEs in a validated way, which may provide valuable guidance for risk mitigation strategy with regard to LPG facility in design, emergency planning, resiliency, operations, and risk management.     

基于微积分的LPG和CNG喷射火模型建立和三维数值模拟

由液体和气体泄漏引发的喷射火灾事故屡见不鲜,而现有的喷射火模型却有诸多缺陷。将喷射火形状近似为圆锥,鉴于液体和气体的泄漏速度随压强和温度均有变化、点源离地面会有一定高度、风速对火焰倾角也有影响、圆锥喷射中心线上每个点源对目标的热辐射均不同等实际情况,新建液体和气体扩展半径的计算方法,引入风速对火焰高度和火焰偏角的作用,比较AGA法和Thornton模型,发现AGA法更加符合实际,再利用微积分原理建立三维点源喷射火模型,展示火焰形状对目标的影响,从而得出热辐射的最终危险性。最后以LPG和CNG储罐喷射火事故为例进行对比验证,首次模拟出喷射火的形状,更清晰准确地展示了目标入射热辐射通量随目标点位置的变化和危险范围,可为火焰阵面处的消防安全决策提供参考。     

Experimental investigation of open core downdraft biomass gasifier for food processing industry

This paper deals with field related experience of a low temperature industrial heat application through biomass gasification. The gasification system is essentially consists of an open top down draft reactor lined with ceramic. The experiment reveals that 6.5 kg of liquefy petroleum gas (LPG) is fully replaced by 38 kg of sized wood on hourly basis. The maximum temperature attained was 367°C in 130 min at 100.7 Nm³ h⁻¹ gas flow rate. This system has resulted a saving of about 19.5 tons of LPG over 3,000 h of operation, implying a saving of about 33 tons of CO₂ emission, thus a promising candidate for clean development mechanism. Fuel economic analysis of gasifier system showed that the saving was about 13,850 US$ for 3,000 h of baking operation.     

浅谈液化气钢瓶(罐)灭火抢险技术

介绍了液化石油气的性质、火灾特点以及液化石油气钢瓶、液化石油气储罐的灭火抢险技术。     

基于随机抽样推测法的LPG储槽2次爆炸事故的模型研究

在借鉴LPG储槽2次爆炸事故后果不确定分析成果的基础上,对事故过程中的不确定参数进行重新分析与选择,将孔洞上方液位高度h0,气云的TNT当量系数α,泄漏开始到点火源出现之前的持续时间t亦作为不确定分析的参数,并利用随机抽样推测的不确定分析方法,对VCE与BLEVE 2次事故后果进行重新分析,获得了与前人研究成果差异较大的结果,并由此分析这些参数对于事故后果影响的显著性。同时对2次爆炸事故的伤害距离进行了研究与分析,由于LPG的闪蒸以及参数α的影响,本案例中LPG泄漏量为总量的80%-90%以上时,2次事故的死亡半径相等且达到最小。     

泄漏孔形状对液化石油气泄漏扩散的影响

基于液化石油气的特点,建立了有限空间内部发生泄漏扩散的物理模型,模拟了液化石油气泄漏扩散的过程,通过模拟结果分析其扩散规律,并对比当泄漏孔形状分别为正方形、圆形、三角形时液化石油气扩散过程的变化以及对所形成的的爆炸危险区域的影响。监测点1（0.8,0.3,0）,点2（2.4,0.3,2.5）,点3（0,0.3,1.5）,点4（2,0.3,3）的浓度变化,找出报警器的最佳安放位置。结果表明:泄漏时间相同,丙烷的扩散范围从大到小依次为三角形孔口、圆形孔口、正方形孔口,爆炸危险区域也与泄漏孔形状有关,三角形孔口的危险区域范围最广,其次是圆形泄漏孔,正方形泄漏孔的范围最小,点1处的丙烷浓度增长幅度较大,浓度较高,可以更早达到报警浓度。     

化学品突发性事故预测的不确定性分析

介绍化学品突发性事故预测的不确定性概率统计和模糊数学分析方法。对参数和模式的不确定性分别进行了讨论,计算机系统包括化学品常用数据库、事故识别模块,事故后果分析模块和不确定性分析模块,对液氯泄漏排放事故、液化气（丙烷）两相闪蒸爆炸和管道煤气（CO）泄漏伤害模式实例进行了分析。对连续源和瞬时源的讨论说明泄漏时间的确定对事故分析极为重要。     

发展液化石油气汽车的推进对策

结合上海３年来ＬＰＧ汽车推进工作的实践，探讨ＬＰＧ汽车发展推进对策和配套优惠政策的制定和完善。     

液化石油气推广应用的可行性研究

城市交通带来的大气污染问题日趋严重，为解决这一问题，国内外科研人员进行了数十年的开发研究，液化石油替代传统燃料作为机动车动力源已被认为是解决城市机动车尾气污染行之有效的办法，该方法集环保、经济、安全等优点，是未来汽车工业发展的方向。本文针对目前我国城市大气污染现状，分析比较现有防治对策措施，对液化气汽车在国内推广应用的可行性进行了简单阐述。