浅谈固体废物最终处置的方法

本章针对固体废物最终处置的两大途径,即陆地处置和海洋处置,着重介绍了卫生土地填埋、安全土地填埋、海洋倾倒、远洋焚烧、深井灌注处置等方法,以及它们的场地开发和利用、场地选择、设计、建造、操作等.     

Soil landscape constraint mapping for coastal land use planning using geographic information system

The aim of the study was to delineate soil landscape constraints to various land uses for urban and regional planning in the coastal areas of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Soil landscape units mapped at 1:100,000 or coarser were sub-divided into component facets using advanced terrain modelling techniques in a geographic information system (GIS). The output facet grids were further overlain and linked with relevant GIS layers and soil databases to derive soil landscape constraint ratings for various land use purposes such as residential development, cropping and grazing. The constraint ratings for a specific land use were calculated based on objective and rule-based assessments of soil and landscape features such as engineering hazards, intrinsic fertility, drainage and other parameters. A series of soil landscape constraint maps which portray specific land use capability have been produced for the NSW coast. The methodology developed in this study has been demonstrated to be efficient in delineating soil landscape constraints and there is over 90% agreement between the model outputs and the assessment by soil surveyors with local knowledge. The output maps show levels of unprecedented detail of soil and landscape constraint for the coast of NSW and can be readily interpreted by land use planners and land managers for sustainable land use decision making practices.     

坝上地区土地利用与覆被变化对土壤养分的影响

坝上地区是典型的农牧交错带 ,生态环境十分脆弱。研究表明 ,解放后 ,该区土地利用与土地覆被状况经历了多次反复的变动。 2 0世纪 80年代以前 ,草地大规模改变为旱地 ,部分改为林地 ;90年代初 ,旱地又逐步被改为草地、林地和水田使用。土地利用与土地覆被的变化引起土壤中有机质、全N、全P、全K、碱解N以及有效态P、K、B、Mo、Mn、Zn、Cu和Fe等养分呈有规律的改变。当土地由草地变为林地、旱地变为林地、旱地变为水田时 ,总体养分增多。但也有例外 ,尤其是碱解N、速效P和速效K以及微量元素 ,有时出现与上述规律不一致的情况。     

全球及区域尺度土地覆盖土地利用遥感研究的现状和展望

９０年代以来,利用遥感进行大面积土地覆盖土地利用的研究取得了一系列重要进展。已建立的全球及区域土地覆盖土地利用数据库正在得到广泛的应用,取得明显的社会效益和经济效益。土地覆盖土地利用及其变化的研究成果也被应用于有关全球环境变化国际公约的执行监督。利用遥感进行大面积土地详查已经逐步摆脱单一制图的传统概念,正在向建立以应用为目的且便于用户使用的综合信息数据库的方向迈进。此外,如何对大面积土地覆盖数据库进行精度评价已引起广泛重视,出现了一些新的理论和研究方法。进入２１世纪,全球和区域土地覆盖土地利用的遥感研究将进一步深化     

农牧交错地带的生态评估对土地整理的启示

开展农牧交错地带的生态评估,不仅能够保障区域内的粮食安全和生态安全,更能启示未来的土地整理工作。利用1986、1996和2000年的3期Landsat数据,应用转移矩阵、生态服务功能分析和景观格局分析等研究方法,对地处典型农牧交错带的镇赉县的土地利用变化、土地利用格局和功能进行研究,结果表明:耕地和草地是研究区域中最主要的土地利用类型;1986～1996年间土地整理工作的重点是耕地与未利用地之间的转变,1996～2000年间土地整理工作的重点是耕地与草地之间的转变。土地形态整理必然引起生态系统服务功能价值的变化,随着研究区域生态环境的退化,对于土地整理过程中不可控制单元(如湿地和水域)的微小变化,必然造成生态系统服务功能价值大幅变动。因此,系统维护与保育整个生态系统,实现整个区域的生态型土地整理,是今后土地整理工作的重点和难点。     

Occurrence, spatial distribution and ecological risks of antibiotics in soil in urban agglomeration

Antibiotics in soil environment are regarded as emerging pollutants and have introduced increasing risks to soil ecosystem and human health in rapid urbanization areas. Identifying the occurrence and spatial variability of antibiotics in soils is an urgent issue in sustaining soil security. In this study, antibiotics in soils were investigated and analyzed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. The occurrence, spatial distribution, and related affecting factors of antibiotics in soils were identified and ecological risks of antibiotics in soil environment were assessed. Results showed that (1) The mean concentration of soil antibiotics in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration was 21.79 µg/kg. Land use substantially affected the occurrence and concentration of antibiotics in soils. Concentrations of antibiotics in cropland and orchard soils were 2-3 times higher than the other land use types. (2) The concentrations of antibiotics in soils in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration presented a spatial pattern of high values in southeast, and low values in northwest. Spatial variability of antibiotics in soils was closely related to the application of organic fertilizer and wastewater irrigation as well as topographical features. Furthermore, soil properties and land management policy had substantial influences on soil antibiotics, and soil heavy metals may aggravate the accumulation of antibiotics in soils. (3) Ecological risks assessment of antibiotics in soils demonstrated that erythromycin (ERY), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and doxycycline (DOX) may introduce high risks to soil ecosystem health, and more attention should be paid to the areas with intensive human activities that had potential high risk to soil ecosystem health. This study suggests that scientific land and soil management should be considered to prevent soil antibiotic pollution and sustain soil security in urban agglomeration.     

无公害农产品土地利用评价体系的研究

土地资源是人类生存最基本的资源，对它的利用与开发必须保持协调的可持续的发展规划。本文以无公害农产品土地利用为例，从环境的角度，构建了产地环境条件子系统、自然条件子系统、经济效益分析子系统和环境影响分析子系统以及各自包含的评价指数集。产地环境条件指标集和自然条件指标集是基于现状的，采用结果指标表达；针对布局规划，环境影响分析和经济效益分析是一种预测评价，对其指标集的构建采用了过程指标的设计。     

南京市四种下垫面气温日变化规律及城市热岛效应

为了监测城市热岛特征、热场空间分布及综合评价城市环境质量,探讨消减城市热岛效应对策,2005年7—9月期间,通过对南京市的中心城区夫子庙、城市湖泊玄武湖、城市森林紫金山、城市郊区浦口四个观测点选取水泥地、草地、林地和水体四种下垫面进行温度、湿度、风速等气象因子的24 h同步观测,结果表明,(1)四个观测点的四种下垫面白天气温呈林地<水体<草地<水泥地的变化趋势,夜晚则是相反,但草地的温度最低;与水泥地比较,其他3种下垫面白昼期有明显的降温效应,均幅度为0.2~2.9℃,而夜晚林地与水体有轻微的保暖效应,晴好无风天气时这种效应更明显。(2)南京市的热岛强度平均为0.5~3.5℃,凌晨3:00左右热岛强度较大且平稳,当日出后热岛强度减小,但在中午12:00左右有一个明显回升,然后下降,至傍晚18:00~21:00,热岛强度有个强烈提升的高峰。(3)利用各观测点温度的时间标准差、空间标准差及时空数据正规化的标准差定量与定性的揭示了城市景观与城市下垫面对城市热岛效应变化的影响机理。(4)不同观测点舒适度指数表明观测期间人们对温度、湿度和风速日变化的综合生理感觉是暑热到较舒适间的变化过程,紫金山和浦口有时给人舒适的感觉。基于实验观测数据,对南京市不同下垫面的温度日变化规律、热岛强度特征、舒适度指数以及相关成因机理进行了全面分析与探讨,为城市生态建设、城市规则、城市环境治理及城市绿化建设提供重要的理论参考。     

Too small to count? Making Land Use Transformations in Chiquitano communities of San Ignacio de Velasco,East Bolivia,visible

ABSTRACT

The Santa Cruz lowlands, east Bolivia, are one of South America’s most dynamic agricultural frontiers. In the Chiquitania, bordering Brazil, San Ignacio de Velasco was in 2017 ranked first nationally in terms of deforestation. There, two deforestation fronts meet with mechanized agriculture expanding from the West and South and cattle ranching from the East. Chiquitano communities are demographically dominant locally but often face land scarcity. Because of their comparatively low impact on forest vegetation, they are not well represented in broad-scale quantitative Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) studies. Based on an empirical, human geographical approach, this paper investigates the transformation of the local indigenous productive matrix, the associated land-use patterns and potential socio-ecological implications. The overall aim is to bear witness to the rapid and profound reconfiguration of traditional livelihoods with their integration in the market economy and to highlight the significance of micro-scale LULC-processes at global scale.     

Who owns the Earth? A challenge for the land system science community

ABSTRACT

Reflecting on the 2019 Open Science Meeting of the Global Land Program and on commentaries since, we argue that the time is ripe for the land system science community to fully embrace the thorny issue of land ownership and control. Beyond land governance and institutions, the issue of who actually owns and controls land, and how land holding and rents are distributed across society, is central to the future of sustainability initiatives, biodiversity protection, social justice, climate change mitigation, and long-term food security and sovereignty. By explicitly tracking and visualizing just Who Owns the Earth, the land system science community could provide much-needed data and insights to inform public debate and advance political action in these arenas.