Application of Neomysis awatschensis as a standard marine toxicity test organism in China

The small mysid crustacean Neomysis awatschensis was collected in the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China in 1992 and acclimated and cultured in laboratory conditions since then. Standard acute toxicity tests using 4--6 d juvenile mysids of this species were conducted and the results were compared with Mysidopsis bahia, a standard toxicity test organism used in the US in terms of their sensitivities to reference toxins, as well as their taxonomy, morphology and geographic distributions. Because of its wide distribution along the Chinese coast, similar sensitivity to pollutants as M. bahia, short life history, small size and the ease of handling, this study intended to use N-awatschensis as one of the standard marine organisms for toxicity testing in China. The species were applied to acute toxicity evaluations of drilling fluid and its additives, organotin TPT and toxic algae, and to chronic (life cycle) toxicity assays of organotin TPT and a toxic dinofalgellate Alexandrium tamarense, respectively. Using N. awatschensis as a standard toxicity testing organism in marine pollution assment in China is suegested.     

上海市在用车监测与维修制度探讨

根据上海市机动车辆的管理现状，提出上海市在用车I/M制度体系网络、监测方法、数据收集网络与“通过/不通过”排放限值方面的基本设想，为建立一个真正有效的在用车监测与维修制度提供依据。     

煤气化废水萃取脱酚工艺研究

采用溶剂萃取对煤气化废水进行酚回收处理.确定烷基酮类物质(M105)作为煤气化废水的脱酚萃取剂,并对脱酚工艺参数进行优化.工艺参数为:萃取温度40-60℃,pH＝9-10,相比=1∶ 6-1∶ 4.经四级逆流萃取,废水的总酚浓度从5410mg·l-1降至350mg·l-1,挥发酚降至50 mg·l-1以下.     

北京市轻型汽车尾气排放检测结果分析

对北京市566辆在用轻型车排放尾气进行了BASM检测，对不同厂牌的化油器车、化油器改造车和电喷车排放的HC、CO和NO平均浓度进行了比较，结果表明，化油器改造车3种污染物平均浓度比化油器车低50％左右，电喷车3种污染物平均浓度可比化油器车低80％左右。同时对几种车型的劣化规律进行了分析，发现化油器车的劣化关系离散性大，而另外两种技术的车辆的劣化关系呈收敛性，说明化油器车的污染物排放和保养关系密切，电喷车劣化规律明显优于化油器车和化油器改造车。实验结果为I／M实施提供了科学依据。     

A comparative study of microvillar enzyme activities in the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis

The potential of four enzyme-based analytical systems has been compared in the secondtrimester prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). Direct activity measurements were made of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP), aminopeptidase M (APM) and the intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In the fourth system the proportions of total ALP inhibited by phenylalanine and homoarginine, respectively, were assessed. Each system was applied to amniotic fluid samples from 94 pregnancies with al in 4 risk of CF, divided into retrospective (36) and prospective (58) series. No system gave an absolute separation of affected from unaffected cases. Measurement of APM and intestinal ALP (phenylalanine-inhibitable ALP) gave a better detection rate for CF (35 of 41 cases, 85 per cent) than did measurement of GGTP (63 per cent) or assessment of ALP proportions (76 per cent). APM had a lower false positive rate (4 per cent) than intestinal ALP (8 per cent). For both the latter systems the detection rate of CF rose to 96 per cent (25 of 26), if gestations less than 17 weeks were excluded.     

铜绿微囊藻生长与铁氧化物吸附解吸磷的相互作用机制研究

本文研究铜绿微囊藻生长与铁氧化物吸附解吸磷的相互作用机制,旨在为富营养化池塘、水库调控和治理提供理论指导。采用化学方法合成铁氧化物并对其进行表征,研究铁氧化物对磷的吸附特性和铜绿微囊藻生长与铁氧化物吸附解吸磷的相互作用。结果表明铁氧化物的物相组成与自然界土壤和底泥中铁氧化物存在形态相似;铁氧化物对磷的吸附属于专性吸附,吸附等温曲线符合Langmuir方程。在含铁氧化物的BG11培养基中培养铜绿微囊藻,铁氧化物对磷的吸附导致培养液中总磷（TP）和水溶性磷（SWP）浓度降低,抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长。铜绿微囊藻在含吸附磷的铁氧化物而无磷的BG11培养基（4.02 < pH < 10.05）中能够正常生长,藻生长导致溶液pH升高是诱导铁氧化物解吸磷的主要因素,铜绿微囊藻光合作用释放的氧气可以抑制三价铁向二价铁的转化。针对铜绿微囊藻诱导铁氧化物释放磷并被其吸收的机制,要控制富营养化水体蓝藻爆发,除控制外源磷输入外,应该抑制底泥中铁磷释放,或通过藻细胞的收集和移除来降低底泥中铁氧化物的磷负荷。     

基于国内外灾害经济研究与管理实践的启示

中外学者从不同视域对灾害经济与管理问题进行了研究,形成了一些有代表性的观点。各国政府在防灾减灾、灾后重建等方面也积累了大量的经验。这些观点和经验为我们深入研究灾害管理机制奠定了基础,结合汶川8.0级地震导致的惨重损失及灾后重建出现的问题,阐述了构建我国以人为本的灾害管理机制和可持续重建地震灾区的基本对策。     

Antioxidant and metabolism responses to polyphenol stress in cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

Three common polyphenol compounds Gallic Acid (GA), Pyrogallic Acid (PA) and Catechol (CA) are known to have allelochemical-exhibiting inhibitory effects on the growth of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). Metabolism and antioxidant responses in M. aeruginosa were investigated to elucidate the mechanism by which the three polyphenols inhibit algal growth. The inhibition effects of polyphenols were in the order of CA > PA > GA. The GA and CA exposures increased protein contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and soluble sugar, especially for exposure to GA of 25 mg L^?1. Soluble sugar content increased significantly especially when exposed to CA for 72 h. When exposed to PA, protein content, and SOD and CAT activities initially increased but over longer treatment time the activities decreased, in contrast to sugar content. Our results suggest that PA exposure for longer periods of time may inhibit catabolism action, while CA exposure could induce more oxide stress than GA or PA. The overall study showed that polyphenol-induced oxidative damage might be responsible for polyphenol inhibition on M. aeruginosa growth. The increases in cellular antioxidant enzymes and soluble sugar may have been to counteract the oxidative stress.     

新《防震减灾法》浅议——以汶川8.0级地震为例

以汶川8.0级地震为例,对新《防震减灾法》进行了解读,新《防震减灾法》在旧法的基础上,主要完善了防震减灾规划制度、建设工程抗震设防制度,增加了对学校医院等重要建筑和农村民居、乡村公共设施的抗震设防要求的规定,强化了防震减灾群测群防制度以加强对地震灾害的预防;完善了地震应急救援机制;进一步规范了地震灾后过渡性安置和恢复重建制度;加强了政府在防震减灾工作中的领导和协调作用。同时文中也指出了新《防震减灾法》存在的不足。     

多点法测定可燃物质自燃特性的可靠性研究

多点法是一种新提出的自热反应动力学分析方法。采用实验研究和理论分析相结合的方式对多点法的操作过程以及实验结果的可靠性展开研究。通过构建一维导热系统、采用不同形式的热电偶布设方式,对烟叶粉末的自燃临界环境温度、活化能以及反应热与指前因子的乘积等参数进行了测定。研究表明:所构建的一维系统能较好地模拟一维导热;热电偶的分布方式对测量结果有较大影响,对称分布状况下,温度结果与经典的F-K对称模型一致;多点法相比于传统方法省时省力,测定结果有较好的线性拟合相关度,求解的动力学参数较为可靠。