调质对垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结处理的影响

为提高经磷酸预处理后的焚烧飞灰在烧结处理过程中的烧结体机械强度，研究了添加SiO2或粉煤灰进行调质，其添加比例对烧结温度和烧结体性能的影响。同时进一步研究了利用硼酸钠作为助熔剂对焚烧飞灰烧结试验影响。结果表明，在烧结温度为1 150℃时，添加30%或者更低比例的SiO₂，或添加20%比例的粉煤灰，焚烧飞灰烧结体已经具有足够的抗压强度和致密化程度。添加5%的硼酸钠时，坯体烧结温度在1 050℃，而添加10%的硼酸钠时烧结温度可降低至980℃。     

Comparison of CaO’s effect on the fate of heavy metals during thermal treatment of two typical types of MSWI fly ashes in China

Both grate and fluidized bed incinerators are widely used for MSW incineration in China. CaO addition for removing hazardous emissions from MSWI flue gas changes the characteristics of fly ash and affects the thermal behavior of heavy metals when the ash is reheated. In the present work, two types of MSWI fly ashes, sampled from both grate and fluidized bed incinerators respectively, were thermal treated at 1023–1323 K and the fate of heavy metals was observed. The results show that both of the fly ashes were rich in Ca and Ca-compounds were the main alkaline matter which strongly affected the leaching behavior of heavy metals. Ca was mostly in the forms of Ca(OH)₂ and CaCO₃ in the fly ash from grate incinerator in which nascent fly ash particles were covered by Ca-compounds. In contrast, the content of Ca was lower in the fly ash from fluidized bed incinerator and Ca was mostly in the form of CaSO₄. Chemical reactions among Ca-compounds caused particle agglomeration in thermal treated fly ash from grate incinerator, restraining the heavy metals volatilization. In thermal treated fly ash from fluidized bed incinerator, Ca was converted into aluminosilicates especially at 1323 K which enhanced heavy metals immobilization, decreasing their volatile fractions as well as leaching concentrations. Particle agglomeration hardly affected the leaching behavior of heavy metals. However, it suppressed the leachable-CaCrO₄ formation and lowered Cr leaching concentration.     

Impacts of natural weathering on the transformation/neoformation processes in landfilled MSWI bottom ash: a geoenvironmental perspective

Natural weathering processes are significant mechanisms that noticeably affect the fundamental nature of incineration ash residues. To provide a greater understanding of these processes, a MSWI (mono)landfill site in the north east of the US was selected as the target for systematic investigation of the natural weathering of bottom ash residues. Samples of various ages were collected from locations A (1 yr), B (10 yrs), C (13-14 yrs) and D (20 yrs) of the landfill in 2009. We investigated the phase transformation of the collected bottom ash particles, neoformation processes as well as the behavior and distribution of certain heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cr) in the neoformed phases using optical microscopy, SEM-EDX, and bulk examinations. Key findings: at the preliminary stage, the waste metallic particles (Al, Fe, and Cu) and unstable minerals such as lime, portlandite, ettringite and hydrocalumite convert to oxide and hydroxide (hydrate) phases, calcite, alumina gel and gypsum. At the intermediate stage, the decomposition of melt products including magnetite spinels and metallic inclusions is triggered due to the partial dissolution of the melt glass. At the longer time horizon it is possible to track the breakdown of the glass phase, the extensive formation of calcite and anhydrite, Al-hydrates and more stable Fe-hydrates all through the older ash deposits. Among the dominant secondary phases, we propose the following order based on their direct metal uptake capacity: Fe-hydrates>Al-hydrates>calcite. Calcite was found to be the least effective phase for the direct sorption of heavy metals. Based on overall findings, a model is proposed that demonstrates the general trend of ash weathering in the landfill.     

污泥与猪粪作为培养基微生物去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属

以污泥或猪粪代替常规的无机盐(SM)作为A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans复合菌株的培养基,利用微生物淋滤法去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属.结果表明,重金属去除率大小顺序为:污泥+菌液>SM+菌液>猪粪+菌液.污泥+菌液的处理中,经过15d的微生物淋滤,Cd、Zn、Cu去除率最高分别达到88.1%、78.7%、69.6%,而猪粪+菌液的处理,3种金属的去除率分别为82.4%、73.5%、60.0%.试验也表明,相同浓度的猪粪DOM对硫杆菌复合菌株的抑制作用远大于污泥DOM.当污泥DOM和猪粪DOM中水溶性有机碳浓度分别高于400mg/L和150mg/L时,就表现出对硫杆菌的不可修复的抑制作用.猪粪DOM中小分子量组分较多是造成这一现象的主要原因.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰的处理技术现状

系统论述了国内外垃圾焚烧飞灰的处理现状,从固化稳定化、湿法化学处理、安全填埋等几个方面分析了垃圾焚烧飞灰在各个技术领域的利用情况,以及以后的处理方向和发展前景,并且对各项技术的利用情况作了详细的阐述.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰浓度对黑曲霉生长及重金属生物淋滤效果的影响

采用黑曲霉生物淋滤飞灰中的重金属,探讨了不同飞灰浓度对菌体生长、pH值、产生的有机酸种类及金属溶出效果的影响,并比较了生物淋滤处理前后飞灰的浸出毒性.结果表明,黑曲霉在代谢生长过程中产出的有机酸使pH值下降,将重金属从固相的飞灰中溶出.呈碱性并含有毒重金属的飞灰使黑曲霉的生长出现了延迟期.当飞灰质量浓度为20 g/L时,菌体生长量在192 h达到最大值(28.61 g/L),淋滤结束后的最低pH值为3.85,重金属溶出效果最佳.其中,Cd的溶出率达93.06%,Mn、Pb和Zn的溶出率均在70%左右,Fe、Cr和Cu的溶出率分别为22%、33%和47%.经生物淋滤后的飞灰中7种重金属浸出浓度远低于国家控制标准.     

采用烧结法降低垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出毒性的研究

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-AES）对垃圾焚烧飞灰和造粒烧结后试样中重金属的浸出量进行分析.研究表明,随着烧结时间的增加和烧结温度的提高,大多数重金属浸出毒性都有所降低.对造粒后的飞灰物料进行低温烧结处理,烧结工艺参数可初步定为造粒直径为15mm,烧结温度为950℃-1100℃,烧结时间约为20min.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属的受热特性

研究了飞灰重金属在不同煅烧温度下的挥发情况及其存在形态.结果表明:重金属挥发能力由强到弱依次为Hg＞Pb＞As、Cd＞Zn＞Cr、Ni、Cu;其中Hg、Pb、As和Cd属易挥发重金属,在1 150 ℃时几乎全部挥发;Zn属较易挥发重金属,1 150 ℃时的挥发率在40%～50%;Cr、Ni和Cu属难挥发重金属,在1 150 ℃的挥发率不超过10%;在400～1 150 ℃,随温度的升高,部分Zn、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni和As由可溶态向残渣态、铁锰氧化态转化;在400～900 ℃,随温度的升高Cr可溶态比例减少,而在900～1 150 ℃,随温度的升高其可溶态比例增加.     

SiO2对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融固化特性的影响

研究了在飞灰中添加不同比例的SiO2对熔融处理的影响,分析了熔融温度、挥发率、重金属固定率的变化规律.研究表明SiO2添加量为1%和10%的飞灰熔融温度相差大约70℃,挥发率相差20.7%;处理温度较高时,大量添加SiO2对挥发量影响很小;飞灰中添加SiO2可以增加重金属Pb的固定率,对Cu和Cd的影响不显著,反而使得Zn的固定率降低.结果表明,在较高的处理温度下,温度是影响重金属固定率的主要因素之一,此时大量添加SiO2既不能增强重金属固化效果,也不能达到减少挥发率的目的.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔渣的健康风险评价与豁免管理

通过对垃圾焚烧飞灰在环境中迁移转化过程的分析,对取自上海的垃圾焚烧飞灰及其处理后的熔渣进行了健康风险评价.结果表明上海原灰对儿童与成人的暴露危险指数分别为84.79和38.76,远大于可接受的风险水平(1),因此上海原灰对人体健康有较大的非致癌风险;而经过高温熔融处理之后的飞灰熔渣对儿童与成人的暴露危险指数分别为0.160和0 073 3,危险指数在可接受的范围之内,对环境和人体健康造成的危害较小,可以进行豁免,可按照一般废物进行管理.