颗粒活性炭去除水中甲基叔丁基醚的可行性研究

随着甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）作为汽油添加剂被持续大量使用，其已成为一种地下水中常见的有机污染物。本文通过纯净水、自来水和地下水中MTBE的平衡吸附容量和微型快速穿透实验（MCRB），比较了5种不同种类活性炭对MTBE的吸附性能。结果显示，苯酚值可准确预测活性炭样品对MTBE的平衡吸附容量大小次序，而丹宁酸值则可大致估计活性炭在实际处理应用时的吸附速度和吸附容量利用率。水样中共存的有机成分降低了活性炭对纯净水中MTBE的吸附容量，在背景TOC较低的去离子水中，活性炭对于MTBE的吸附性能反而比在地下水中降低得更多。穿透实验数据显示双柱串联的处理方式是高效应用活性炭吸附水中MTBE的优选工艺。使用环境友好的竹质活性炭去除地下水中MTBE具有良好的可行性和较高的性价比。     

Photocatalytic degradation of aqueous methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) in a supported-catalyst reactor

Contamination of groundwater by methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) poses increasing problems to water companies. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of using a cylindrical, supported-catalyst reactor for photocatalytic degradation of MTBE in water. It was shown that photocatalytic degradation of MTBE follows pseudo first-order kinetics. The maximum reaction rate constant observed was 0.47 hr^–1. The reaction rate increases linearly with increasing light intensity. It was also found that the reaction rate is linearly proportional to the ratio of catalyst surface area to volume of reactor. Complete degradation of MTBE was reached with an excess supply of oxygen.     

The emergence of stable isotopes in environmental and forensic geochemistry studies: a review

In the past decade, environmental forensics has emerged as a discipline directed toward determining parties liable for causing spills of contaminants into the environment. Such investigations, while geared toward determining the guilty parties in order to recover costs of the cleanup and remediation, require various questions to be addressed. These include determination of the nature of the product; Where did it come from?; Extent of weathering, if any; How long has it been there?; and Is it degrading naturally? Traditionally, these studies have been addressed through utilization of techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). However, in recent years, stable isotopes, primarily determined through the use of combined gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCIRMS), have emerged as an equally important tool in environmental forensics. For relatively low molecular, volatile compounds such as MTBE, BTEX, or chlorinated solvents, the isotopes, primarily carbon and hydrogen, have been used extensively for evaluating the onset of natural attenuation. For larger molecules such as PCBs or PAHs, in which the effects of biodegradation on the isotope composition of these molecules is minimal, the isotopic fingerprints of the individual compounds can be used for correlation purposes. In this paper, a brief introduction to isotope geochemistry will be given, followed by a review of applications of stable isotopes to a variety of environmental problems. While the review may not necessarily be exhaustive, it will provide a comprehensive overview of areas where isotopes have been used and potential applications for the future. Most of the review is concerned with carbon and hydrogen isotopes, although a brief overview of the emerging area of chlorine isotopes will also be discussed.     

MTBE与雌二醇对螺旋鱼腥藻的联合毒性

以螺旋鱼腥藻(Anabaena spiroides)为实验材料,采用每天测定数据,连续跟踪10d的方法,研究了甲基叔丁基醚(Methyl tert-buty1 ether,MTBE)与雌二醇对螺旋鱼腥藻的单一毒性以及在不同毒性单位配比下的联合毒性,选用毒性单位(TU)、相加指数(AI)、混合毒性指数(MTI)和毒性增大指数(TEI)进行联合毒性评价.结果表明,MTBE与雌二醇共存时,在实验周期(10d)内,其联合作用方式基本表现为协同作用.此外,MTBE和雌二醇的单一毒性和联合毒性数据随着培养时间的变化而产生剧烈变化,毒性数据在培养时间3～7d比较平稳,在4～5d最佳.     

Laboratory evidence of MTBE biodegradation in Borden aquifer material

Mainly due to intrinsic biodegradation, monitored natural attenuation can be an effective and inexpensive remediation strategy at petroleum release sites. However, gasoline additives such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) can jeopardize this strategy because these compounds often degrade, if at all, at a slower rate than the collectively benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the xylene (BTEX) compounds. Investigation of whether a compound degrades under certain conditions, and at what rate, is therefore important to the assessment of the intrinsic remediation potential of aquifers. A natural gradient experiment with dissolved MTBE-containing gasoline in the shallow, aerobic sand aquifer at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden (Ontario, Canada) from 1988 to 1996 suggested that biodegradation was the main cause of attenuation for MTBE within the aquifer. This laboratory study demonstrates biologically catalyzed MTBE degradation in Borden aquifer-like environments, and so supports the idea that attenuation due to biodegradation may have occurred in the natural gradient experiment. In an experiment with batch microcosms of aquifer material, three of the microcosms ultimately degraded MTBE to below detection, although this required more than 189 days (or >300 days in one case). Failure to detect the daughter product tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in the field and the batch experiments could be because TBA was more readily degradable than MTBE under Borden conditions.     

UV/Fenton氧化降解水溶液中甲基叔丁基醚的试验研究

采用UV／Fenton技术对污染水体中的甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）进行了氧化降解试验。结果表明，在室温条件下，当H2O2为10mmol／L，FC＋为2mmol／L，pH为2．4时，起始摩尔浓度为1mmol／L的MTBE在30min内可去除99％；结果还显示了MTBE的降解分两个阶段，第一阶段是在UV／Fe^2＋／H2O2下的快速降解，第二阶段由于Fe^2＋的大量消耗而降解相对较慢。     

MTBE的降解研究进展

论述了目前国外进行MTBE污染物降解性能基础研究的进展,包括生物法、物理化学法、膜方法,并对它们做出了一定的评价,以期它们对国内研究起到指导作用。     

珠江三角洲大气中甲基叔丁基醚的污染特征研究

应用先进的大气采样罐、大气样品预浓缩技术和气相色谱/质谱联用仪器,采取长期观测和加强观测方法详细地研究了珠江三角洲大气环境中MTBE的污染浓度水平及其时空分布特征.结果表明,①目前该地区的工业区、交通区以及居住、商业和交通混合区等大气环境中普遍能够检测出MTBE污染物,长期观测的小时浓度均值变化范围从0～1.250 μg·m^-3,夏季污染较冬季更为严重,高浓度的MTBE污染物主要集中在城区,郊区显著受到上风向城市和周边城市污染源排放的影响.②夏季加强观测期间,广州市区的日均浓度为(1.520±0.370) μg·m^-3,约为其下风向郊区花都测点的7倍和清洁区从化监测点的100倍.城区呈现早晚2个污染物浓度峰值,夜间为平均浓度最低值时段,而郊区夜间反而出现高浓度峰值.③冬季加强观测期间,广州市城区的日均浓度为(0.950±0.240) μg·m^-3,为其下风向郊区新垦测点的3.6倍,出现多个峰谷,城区在18:00～22:00点均具有较高的污染物浓度,郊区则在次日的04:00～10:00点具有相对较高的污染物浓度.④在光照比较弱的时段市区交通干线附近的大气MTBE浓度随着距地面高度增加而降低,而在光照比较强的时段则随着距地面高度增加反而有所上升,反映出市区近地面大气MTBE污染物除了主要来自机动车尾气排放之外,还有明显的大气光化学反应生成的二次污染物来源.     

甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）降解菌株的分离鉴定及降解动力学研究

从银杏根部土壤中分离驯化出1株能以MTBE为唯一碳源生长的菌株A1,经过16S rDNA序列分析后,初步鉴定该菌株为睾酮丛毛单胞菌（Comamonas testosterone）;进一步试验研究了微生物接种量、pH值、温度、MTBE初始浓度等环境因素对MTBE降解的影响.结果表明,菌A1降解MTBE的最佳条件为：pH值7.0,温度25℃,接种量2　mL（D₆₀₀=2.523 A）,初始MTBE浓度50 mg/L.在此降解条件下,7　d后MTBE去除率最高可达98.89%（与空白实验对比,MTBE挥发量占46.55%）.菌A1降解MTBE符合高浓度底物抑制的酶促反应类型,其基本降解动力学参数rmax=0.872　d^－1,Km=7.832 mg·L^－１,Ks=130.75 mg·L^－１.     

Tools for an enhanced solvent properties screening in the early stages of pharmaceutical process development

The objective of this research was the implementation of tools for the evaluation of solvents trough property screening in the early stages of process development. An important feature of the tools is that the implementation of indexes, scores, or weights is avoided. Information already available from the literature was stored in a database in order to turn raw data into decision making information. As a result, a solvent radar chart, a solvent representation table, and a solvent telescopying tool were developed in an ASP.NET application. The synthesis of Propranolol was used as study case in order to explore the selection of solvents in the early stages of process development. The replacement of diethyl ether was possible in the extraction step, while solvent choices were detected for potential telescoping for extraction and crystallisation steps. Solubility was found as a critical parameter in telescoping analysis. The methodology proposed enhanced the view towards a more holistic perspective and a more robust solvent screening process. As a consequence, the next steps into solvent evaluation and process development can be reduced.