西安市地表灰尘中多环芳烃分布特征与来源解析

采集了西安市地表灰尘样品58个,利用GC-FID对其中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)进行含量分析,在此基础上研究了其分布特征与环境来源.结果表明,西安市地表灰尘中单体PAH的含量范围为14.69~6 370.48μg·kg~(-1);16种PAHs总量(Σ_(16)PAHs)范围为5 039.67~47 738.50μg·kg~(-1),平均值为13 845.82μg·kg~(-1).与国内外其他城市比较发现,西安市地表灰尘中PAHs的含量相对较高.地表灰尘中PAHs主要由4环以上的高分子量PAHs构成,7种致癌芳烃(Σ_7CPAHs)平均占Σ16PAHs的46.08%.地表灰尘中Σ_(16)PAHs的平均含量在工业区最高,文教区、交通区和商业交通混合区含量次之,住宅区和公园较低.地表灰尘中Σ_(16)PAHs平均含量沿主城区-二环-三环由内向外呈增加趋势.地表灰尘中Σ16PAHs在东郊和西郊工业区、南郊和北二环重交通区相对较高,主城区、北郊和城市东南部较低.比值法、聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,西安市地表灰尘中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料和煤的燃烧,其中柴油燃烧和汽油燃烧的方差贡献率分别为36.07%和32.31%,煤燃烧方差贡献率为23.40%.     

模拟烹饪油烟的粒径分布与扩散

烹饪油烟颗粒物粒径分布与扩散特性研究有助于解析其对室内空气质量和居民健康的影响,采用电子低压撞击器(ELPI)实时监测了油烟机开启和关闭状态下,模拟烹饪油烟发生处和3 m外位置处,0.03~10μm范围内油烟颗粒数浓度和质量浓度随粒径分布.油烟颗粒主要以655 nm以下的细颗粒为主.油烟机能够显著降低室内油烟浓度,开启油烟机后,油烟发生处颗粒数浓度从2.8×106个·cm-3降低到2.3×105个·cm-3,PM2.5(空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的颗粒)质量浓度从85.9 mg·m-3降低到6.2 mg·m-3.油烟机对PM10的净化效率高于PM2.5.油烟迅速从发生处扩散到3 m外,无通风状态下,总颗粒数浓度衰减达65%,PM2.5质量浓度衰减达75%.计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟了油烟机对油烟PM2.5质量浓度场扩散分布影响.红外摄像仪监测了油烟温度场分布扩散,以扇形向外扩散,伴随着油烟温度梯度降低.     

河南某市驾校地表灰尘多环芳烃组成、来源与健康风险

采集河南省某市29所驾校的地表灰尘样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定样品中16种优控PAHs含量,用终生致癌风险增量模型(ILCR)评价灰尘PAHs不同暴露情景下(情景1、2、3分别为驾校工作5 a、10 a和20 a)的健康风险,用比值法、成分谱法和主成分因子载荷法揭示PAHs来源.结果表明,驾校灰尘ΣPAHs含量在198.21~3 400.89μg·kg-1之间,平均908.72μg·kg-1.单体PAHs含量较高的是萘、菲、蒽、荧蒽,含量最低的是二苯并[a,h]蒽,低环PAHs占ΣPAHs的55.79%,高环占44.21%.3种情景下的平均健康风险为情景3(3.71×10-7)情景2(1.85×10-7)情景1(9.27×10-8),只有一个驾校(J11)在情景3存在潜在健康风险,其他情景下均无风险.皮肤接触灰尘是最主要的PAHs暴露途径,其占总风险的64.21%;其次是误食途径,占总风险的33.04%;吸入途径可忽略不计.驾校灰尘PAHs主要来源为化石燃料不完全燃烧源和混合源,农田区驾校灰尘PAHs的柴油/天然气动力车排放源、燃煤源和汽油车排放源贡献率分别为56.44%、26.55%和17.01%,工业区驾校混合源、汽油车和炼焦/燃煤排放源贡献率分别为76.26%、22.85%和0.89%,混合区驾校燃煤源、天然气/柴油动力车排放源和汽油车排放源的贡献率分别为45.57%、45.41%和9.02%.灰尘PAHs含量及健康风险与其周边环境、前期土地利用状况密切相关.     

高架道路周边建筑物灰尘重金属污染风险:以常州市为例

在常州环城高架道路两侧6个住宅小区不同楼层采集126个灰尘样品,测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr含量,分析其化学形态和垂直分布特征,采用富集系数和风险评价指数评价其污染程度和生物有效性,并进行潜在生态风险评价和健康风险评价.结果表明,灰尘中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr含量均值分别为181.95、709.99、211.24、2.76、101.59和257.55mg·kg-1,均远大于背景值.灰尘中Cd的富集系数为33.05,富集程度为强烈,Cu、Pb和Zn的富集程度为显著富集,它们可能受到自然源、交通源和区域废气传输的综合影响,Ni和Cr富集系数较低,可能主要受自然源影响.随楼层高度的上升,Cd含量呈增加趋势,Pb和Zn含量呈先增加后降低趋势,Cu含量无显著变化.Zn、Cd、Cu和Pb主要以活性态存在,生物有效性较高,Ni和Cr以残渣态为主,生物有效性较低.改进的潜在生态风险评价结果表明,Cd的潜在生态风险极高,对多元素的潜在生态风险起主导作用,且对高层楼的潜在生态风险较大,其它重金属潜在生态风险为中低级.健康风险评价结果表明,Cr对儿童的致癌风险超过安全阈值,其它重金属对成人与儿童致癌风险及非致癌风险均在安全域之内.     

Potential effects of particulate matter from combustion during services on human health and on works of art in medieval churches in Cyprus

Indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM_0.3-10) number concentrations were established in two medieval churches in Cyprus. In both churches incense was burnt occasionally during Mass. The highest indoor PM_0.5-1 concentrations compared with outdoors (10.7 times higher) were observed in the church that burning of candles indoors was allowed. Peak indoor black carbon concentration was 6.8 μg m⁻³ in the instances that incense was burning and 13.4 μg m⁻³ in the instances that the candles were burning (outdoor levels ranged between 0.6 and 1.3 μg m⁻³). From the water soluble inorganic components determined in PM₁₀, calcium prevailed in all samples indoors or outdoors, whilst high potassium concentration indoors were a clear marker of combustion. Indoor sources of PM were clearly identified and their emission strengths were estimated via modeling of the results. Indoor estimated PM_0.3-10 mass concentrations exceeded air quality standards for human health protection and for the preservation of works of art.     

粒径对镁粉爆炸特性的影响

在简要分析了镁粉爆炸的过程和特性基础上,结合在20 L球型爆炸测试装置中对粒径D50为6,47,104,173 μm镁粉的爆炸特性实验数据,着重分析了粒径对镁粉爆炸特性所产生的影响.实验结果表明,随着粒径的增大,镁粉的爆炸危险性随之减小.     

Thioarsenate formation upon dissolution of orpiment and arsenopyrite

Thioarsenates were previously determined as dominant species in geothermal and mineral waters with excess sulfide. Here, we used batch leaching experiments to determine their formation upon weathering or industrial leaching of the arsenic-sulfide minerals orpiment (As₂S₃) and arsenopyrite (FeAsS) under different pH and oxygen conditions. Under acidic conditions, as expected based on their known kinetic instability at low pH, no thioarsenates formed in either of the two mineral systems. Under neutral to alkaline conditions, orpiment dissolution yielded mono-, di- and trithioarsenate which accounted for up to 43-55% of total arsenic. Thioarsenate formation upon arsenopyrite dissolution was low at neutral (4%) but significant at alkaline pH, especially under suboxic to sulfidic conditions (20-43%, mainly as monothioarsenate). In contrast to orpiment, we postulate that recombination of arsenite and sulfide in solution is of minor importance for monothioarsenate formation during alkaline arsenopyrite dissolution. We propose instead that hydroxyl physisorption lead to formation of As-OH-S surface complexes by transposition of hydroxyl anions to arsenic or iron sites. Concurrently formed ironhydroxides could provide re-sorption sites for the freshly released monothioarsenate. However, sorption experiments with goethite showed slower sorption kinetics of monothioarsenate compared to arsenite, but comparable with arsenate. The discovery that thioarsenates are released by natural weathering and industrial leaching processes and that, once they are released, have a higher mobility than the commonly-investigated species arsenite and arsenate requires future studies to consider them when assessing arsenic release in sulfidic natural or mining-impacted environments.     

乌鲁木齐市可吸入颗粒物水溶性离子特征及来源解析

采暖期时在乌鲁木齐市采集了环境空气中的可吸入颗粒物,对可吸入颗粒物质量浓度及8种水溶性离子的特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,细粒子和粗粒子的月平均质量浓度分别是53.5～233.3μg/m3和38.9～60.9μg/m3;细粒子和粗粒子中水溶性离子主要由SO24-、NH4+和NO3-组成;粗粒子中NH4+与NO3-和SO24-的相关性分别是0.70和0.66,细粒子中NH4+与NO3-和SO24-的相关性分别是0.89和0.93,铵盐是乌鲁木齐可吸入颗粒物主要存在形式;煤烟尘是乌鲁木齐市采暖期可吸入颗粒物的主要来源。     

电除尘器电源交流分量对PM_(2.5)等细微颗粒物除尘效率的影响

除尘器对颗粒物的除尘效率与颗粒物的荷电量密切相关,PM2.5等细小颗粒物由于其荷电量不足而导致其吸收效率较低,对环境造成危害。为了增加粒子的荷电量,以粒子荷电原理为理论依据,从离子电流密度和通过电凝并扩大尘粒中位径2个方面研究了电除尘电源中交流电压分量对PM2.5等细小颗粒物荷电特性的影响,得出了电除尘器电源中交流电压分量可从以上2个方面提高装置对PM2.5等微小颗粒物的荷电量,且频率越高,幅值越大,荷电效果越好,从而可以提高装置对细小颗粒物的除尘效率。     

Industrial wastewater pre-treatment for heavy metal reduction by employing a sorbent-assisted ultrafiltration system

This work examined the adoption of a sorbent-assisted ultrafiltration (UF) system for the reduction of Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) from industrial wastewater. In such a system metals were removed via several processes which included precipitation through the formation of hydroxides, formation of precipitates/complexes among the metal ions and the wastewater compounds, adsorption of metals onto minerals (bentonite, zeolite, vermiculite) and retention of insoluble metal species by the UF membranes. At pH = 6 the metal removal sequence obtained by the UF system was Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II) in mg g⁻¹ with significant amount of lead and copper being removed due to chemical precipitation and formation of precipitates/complexes with wastewater compounds. At this pH, zinc and nickel adsorption onto minerals was significant, particularly when bentonite and vermiculite were employed as adsorbents. Metal adsorption onto zeolite and bentonite followed the sequence Zn(II) > Ni(II) > Cu(II) > Pb(II), while for vermiculite the sequence was Ni(II) > Zn(II) > Cu(II) > Pb(II) in mg g⁻¹. The low amount of Pb(II) and Cu(II) adsorbed by minerals was attributed to the low available lead and copper concentration. At pH = 9 the adoption of UF could effectively reduce heavy metals to very low levels. The same was observed at pH = 8, provided that minerals were added. The prevailing metal removal process was the formation of precipitates/complexes with wastewater compounds.