铁负载型催化剂在废水处理中的应用

难降解工业废水已成为水处理中的一大难题,高级氧化技术可处理此类难降解废水,而铁负载型催化剂可提高反应的效率,降低反应条件。本文根据国内外文献将铁负载型催化剂进行了分类,主要分为负载FexOy的催化剂和Fe2+/Fe3+固体催化剂,并对不同活性物质的铁负载型催化剂的制备方法及其应用现状进行了分析,同时对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

基于知识服务的协同式装备维修技术支持平台

针对当前装备一线维修人员在技术支持上的存在的现实问题,提出了基于知识服务和协同模式构建协同式装备维修技术支持平台,在分析平台体系结构和功能的基础上,研究探讨了平台运作模式和关键技术。该平台为一线服务人员提供了"一站式"的技术支持和"定制式"的知识服务,实现了装备维修相关部门协同保障的"双赢"协作模式。     

气动分配阀在污泥干化焚烧一体化装置应用中的问题与对策

循环流化床焚烧炉旋风分离器装捕捉到的高温热灰通过特殊装置(气动分配阀)引入到污泥干化器中直接干化脱水污泥理念是中科院首先提出的,并在杭州七格污水厂100吨/天污泥干化焚烧一体化示范项目工程中实现应用,标志着国内在污泥焚烧技术处理领域又向前迈出了一步。循环热灰气动分配阀是创新的设计和发明,为了在工艺中更好应用,针对这一核心设备在污泥干化焚烧装置运行中出现的问题和改进的措施进行分析探讨。     

湖泊流域系统水文水动力联合模拟研究进展综述

湖泊流域水文水动力联合模拟对综合管理湖泊流域水资源具有重要的理论和实践意义。通过水文水动力联合模拟研究进展的综述,可深入了解湖泊流域联合模型发展和演变过程,把握国际研究主流趋势和前沿手段。传统湖泊流域联合模拟方法主要通过流域水文模型结合湖泊水量平衡模型来计算湖泊流域水均衡组分,但水量平衡方法仅是对湖泊过程的一般性描述,难以切实反映水位空间差异显著的湖泊系统有着显著的水动力特性。基于流域水文模型与湖泊水动力模型的联合系统克服了大尺度湖泊流域系统难以切实描述和完整模拟的难点,在湖泊流域系统水资源管理与调控中发挥了重要作用。系统概述了国内外不同尺度湖泊流域系统水文水动力联合模拟研究,归纳总结了基于外部耦合、内部耦合与全耦合技术的联合模型的优势和不足。从学科发展趋势和应用需求的角度出发,概述了湖泊流域系统联合模拟的难点和今后发展趋势     

Effect of orchard age on soil nitrogen transformation in subtropical China and implications

A better understanding of nitrogen transformation in soils could reveal the capacity for biological inorganic N supply and improve the efficiency of N fertilizers. In this study, a ¹⁵N tracing study was carried out to investigate the effects of converting woodland to orchard, and orchard age on the gross rates of N transformation occurring simultaneously in subtropical soils in Eastern China. The results showed that inorganic N supply rate was remained constant with soil organic C and N contents increased after converting woodland into citrus orchard and with increasing orchard age. This phenomenon was most probably due to the increase in the turnover time of recalcitrant organic-N, which increased with decreasing soil pH along with increasing orchard age significantly. The amoA gene copy numbers of both archaeal and bacterial were stimulated by orchard planting and increased with increasing orchard age. The nitrification capacity (defined as the ratio of gross rate of nitrification to total gross rate of mineralization) increased following the Michaelis–Menten equation, sharply in the first 10 years after woodland conversion to orchard, and increased continuously but much more slowly till 30 years. Due to the increase in nitrification capacity and unchanged NO₃⁻ consumption, the dominance of ammonium in inorganic N in woodland soil was shifted to nitrate dominance in orchard soils. These results indicated that the risk of NO₃⁻ loss was expected to increase and the amount of N needed from fertilizers for fruit growth did not change although soil organic N accumulated with orchard age.     

Hydrothermal fabrication of selectively doped organic assisted advanced ZnO nanomaterial for solar driven photocatalysis

Hydrothermal fabrication of selectively doped (Ag⁺ + Pd^3 +) advanced ZnO nanomaterial has been carried out under mild pressure temperature conditions (autogeneous; 150°C). Gluconic acid has been used as a surface modifier to effectively control the particle size and morphology of these ZnO nanoparticles. The experimental parameters were tuned to achieve optimum conditions for the synthesis of selectively doped ZnO nanomaterials with an experimental duration of 4 hr. These selectively doped ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–Vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The solar driven photocatalytic studies have been carried out for organic dyes, i.e., Procion MX-5B dye, Cibacron Brilliant Yellow dye, Indigo Carmine dye, separately and all three mixed, by using gluconic acid modified selectively doped advanced ZnO nanomaterial. The influence of catalyst, its concentration and initial dye concentration resulted in the photocatalytic efficiency of 89% under daylight.     

应用环境监测综合管理信息系统加强质量保证和质量控制管理

本文对环境监测综合管理信息系统建设过程中加强监测工作的质量保证和质量控制的环节、措施和作用等方面进行了论述,为今后环境监测机构建立管理信息系统提供参考和借鉴,提高监测数据的准确性和可靠性。     

Assessment of the Pulmonary Toxicity of Inhaled Gases and Particles With Physicochemical Methods

Abstract

Physicochemical techniques used for evaluating the pulmonary surfactant (PS) quality are discussed as methods useful in assessing toxicity of inhaled gases and particles. Two standard devices, Langmuir-Wilhelmy film balance and pulsating bubble apparatus, are presented in detail, and the measured results of interaction between sulfuric acid and 2 models of PS material are analyzed. The evident decrease in surface activity of the pulmonary surfactant after its contact with the acid at concentrations approaching 0.001 M may be considered as an indicator of the adverse effect, which can result in several health problems. The presented approach can be used as a method of assessing pulmonary toxicity of any substances present in the breathing air.     

Synthesis and bioefficacy evaluation of new 3-substituted-3,4-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazines

A new series of 1, 3-Benzoxazines were synthesized, characterized (¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR) and evaluated for their pesticidal activity. Six new 3-alkyl-3, 4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1, 3-benzoxazines (1-6) were prepared by hydroxymethylation of secondary amines with formaldehyde in 65–68% yields. These compounds were screened for there IGR activity against Spodoptera litura and for antifungal fungal activity in vitro against Sclerotium rolfsii ITCC 6181 by poisoned food technique. Insect Growth Regulatory (IGR) activity against Spodoptera litura showed that compound 3-Nonyl-3,4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines was most effective as IGR with larval GI₅₀ of 1.863 μ g/Insect. Compounds 3-Octyl-3,4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines and 3-Decyl-3,4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines were effective IGRs. Antifungal screening revealed that compound 3-Dodecyl-3, 4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines, was highly effective against Sclerotium rolfsii with LC₅₀ value 31.7 mg L^?1 comparable with commercial fungicide Hexaconazole (LC₅₀ 1.27 mg L^?1). Also compounds 3-Nonyl-3, 4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines and 3-Decyl-3,4-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines displayed promising fungitoxicity. The results described in this paper are promising and provides new array of synthetic chemicals to be utilized as pesticides.     

Developments in water quality monitoring and management in large river catchments using the Danube River as an example

Effective management of water quality in large rivers requires information on the influence of activities within the catchment (urban and rural) throughout the whole river basin. However, traditional water quality monitoring programmes undertaken by individual agencies normally relate to specific objectives, such as meeting quality criteria for wastewater discharges, and fail to provide information on basin-scale impacts, especially in transboundary river basins. Ideally, monitoring in large international river basins should be harmonised to provide a basin-scale assessment of sources and impacts of human activities, and the effectiveness of management actions. This paper examines current water quality issues in the Danube River Basin and evaluates the approach to water quality monitoring in the context of providing information for a basin-wide management plan. Lessons learned from the monitoring programme in the Danube are used to suggest alternative approaches that could result in more efficient generation of water quality data and provide new insights into causes and impacts of variations in water quality in other large international river basins.