Novelty Detection – Recognition and Evaluation of Exceptional Water Reflectance Spectra

The aim of environmental surveillance is to monitor known phenomena as well as to detect exceptional situations. Synoptic monitoring of large areas in coastal waters can be performed by remote sensing using multispectral sensors onboard satellites. Many methods are in use which enable the detection and quantification of ‘standard algae’ or specific algae blooms using their known spectral response. The present study focusses on the detection of spectra outside the known range and which are referred to as exceptional spectra. In a first step observations from a one-year period were used to establish the parameterisation of what is defined as ‘normal.’ In a second step observations from a different period were used to test the novelty detection application, i.e. to look for features not occurring in the first period.      

沈阳市污染源自动监控系统质量保证技术研究

阐述了沈阳市污染源自动监控系统质量保证技术的现状及开展此项研究的必要性,并在构建在线监控综合质量保证与质量控制技术平台及建立自动监控标准化管理模式两方面着重分析了此项内容的发展趋势。     

电器实验室安全和环境监控措施探讨

电器实验室在对电器产品实施安全性能检测的过程中，实验室本身存在着安全和环境污染问题。如何对实验室的日电器实验室在对电器产品实施安全性能检测的过程中，实验室本身存在着安全和环境污染问题。如何对实验室的日常运作进行安全和环境的有效监控，对于保护实验室仪器设备和生命财产安全，以及试验人员的健康，具有重要的意义。 电器实验室安全和环境问题涉及但不限于防火、防烫伤、防暴、防触电、防机械伤害、防淋水、防盗、限制区域的禁入、仪器设备的保护、试验负荷控制、环境温度、湿度、电网电压、谐波畸变、噪音、有毒有害气体、电磁渡污染等诸多方面。本文针对电器实验室存在的一些主要安全和环境问题，从经济和技术可行性方面研究有效解决方法，并提出一种利用现代科技实现远程综合监控的方案。     

Describing and Mapping Human-Induced Vegetation Change in the Australian Landscape

Australian reporting requirements for native vegetation require improved spatial and temporal information on the anthropogenic effects on vegetation. This includes better linkage of information on vegetation type (e.g., native vegetation association), extent and change, vegetation condition, or modification. The Vegetation Assets, States and Transitions (VAST) framework is presented as a means for ordering vegetation by degree of anthropogenic modification as a series of condition states, from a residual or base-line condition through to total removal. The VAST framework facilitates mapping and accounting for change and trends in the status and condition of vegetation. The framework makes clear the links between land management and vegetation condition states, provides a mechanism for describing the consequences of land management practices on vegetation condition, and contributes to an understanding of resilience. VAST is a simple communication and reporting tool designed to assist in describing and accounting for anthropogenic modification of vegetation. A benchmark is identified for each vegetation association. Benchmarks are based on structure, composition, and current regenerative capacity. This article describes the application of the VAST framework as a consistent national framework to translate and compile existing mapped information on the modification of native vegetation. We discuss the correspondence between these compiled VAST datasets at national and regional scales and describe their relevance for natural resource policy and planning.     

The development of a novel method for directional dust monitoring

Dust monitoring using sticky pads was popularised in the 1980s. The discolouration caused by dust adhering to white adhesive material was measured with a smoke stain reflectometer. This loss of reflectance was expressed as the percentage effective area coverage (EAC%) per day. EAC% can be used as a measure of nuisance caused by dust. EAC% may also be measured with a hand-held Sticky Pad Reader (SPR). Sticky pads can be mounted on flat or cylindrical surfaces to measure dust by deposition or in flux. An alternative method was developed in the 1990s that measured total dust coverage using computer-based scanning. DustScan used a transparent adhesive film wrapped around a vertical cylinder with magnetic north marked. The sticky pad was sealed with another transparent sheet before scanning at 50 dots per inch (dpi). Dust levels were assessed by comparing the grey-scale values of pixels in the exposed area with an unexposed reference area. Insects and other extraneous material could be ‘masked out’ from the computer analysis. Dust coverage was expressed as percentage absolute area coverage (AAC%). DustScan has subsequently been developed commercially. A limited trial indicated that monitoring periods of 7–14 days were preferred to avoid dust saturation of the sticky pad. A method for calculating EAC% has been developed and shown to have a high degree of correspondence with an SPR. A trial for the Minerals Industry Research Organisation (MIRO) made comparisons between DustScan and other dust monitoring methods. Dust nuisance limits based on AAC% and EAC% are proposed.par     

Designing monitoring arrangements for collaborative learning about adaptation pathways

Adaptation pathways approaches support long-term planning under uncertainty. The use of adaptation pathways implies a systematic monitoring effort to inform future adaptation decisions. Such monitoring should feed into a long-term collaborative learning process between multiple actors at various levels. This raises questions about who should monitor what, when and for whom. We formulate an approach that helps to address these questions, developed around the conceptual core offered by adaptive policy pathways methods and their notion of signposts and triggers. This is embedded in a wider approach that revisits the critical assumptions in underlying basic policies, looks forward to future adaptation decisions, and incorporates reciprocity in the organization of monitoring and evaluation. The usefulness and practical feasibility of the approach is studied for a case of the Delta Programme in the Netherlands, which incorporated adaptation pathways in its planning approach called adaptive delta management. The case results suggest that our approach adds value to existing monitoring practices. They further show that different types of signposts exist. Technical signposts, in particular, need to be distinguished from political ones, and require different learning processes with different types of actors.     

测量机器人在地壳形变监测中的应用

本文介绍了以全自动化全站仪（Leica TCA2003）为基础组成的新型地震形变监测系统。并分别从仪器的功能、精度以及与原有测量模式相比其效率、精度、和代替原来测量模式可行性方面作了介绍。为地震系统新仪器的引入提供一个参考。     

乌鲁木齐市饮用水状况卫生监测分析

为了评价乌鲁木齐市居民饮用水卫生状况，对该市６个自来水厂的出厂水，末梢水和二次供水的水质及卫生设施进行监督监测。结果表明，该市居民供水水质基本符合国家生活饮水卫生标准规定，但末梢水和二次供水中余氯合格率偏低，分别为６１．０２％和４５％。二次供水设施使用的防水材料均未按国家规定输涉及水产品卫生许可批件。     

The scope and severity of white-nose syndrome on hibernating bats in North America

Assessing the scope and severity of threats is necessary for evaluating impacts on populations to inform conservation planning. Quantitative threat assessment often requires monitoring programs that provide reliable data over relevant spatial and temporal scales, yet such programs can be difficult to justify until there is an apparent stressor. Leveraging efforts of wildlife management agencies to record winter counts of hibernating bats, we collated data for 5 species from over 200 sites across 27 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces from 1995 to 2018 to determine the impact of white-nose syndrome (WNS), a deadly disease of hibernating bats. We estimated declines of winter counts of bat colonies at sites where the invasive fungus that causes WNS (Pseudogymnoascus destructans) had been detected to assess the threat impact of WNS. Three species undergoing species status assessment by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Myotis septentrionalis, Myotis lucifugus, and Perimyotis subflavus) declined by more than 90%, which warrants classifying the severity of the WNS threat as extreme based on criteria used by NatureServe. The scope of the WNS threat as defined by NatureServe criteria was large (36% of Myotis lucifugus range) to pervasive (79% of Myotis septentrionalis range) for these species. Declines for 2 other species (Myotis sodalis and Eptesicus fuscus) were less severe but still qualified as moderate to serious based on NatureServe criteria. Data-sharing across jurisdictions provided a comprehensive evaluation of scope and severity of the threat of WNS and indicated regional differences that can inform response efforts at international, national, and state or provincial jurisdictions. We assessed the threat impact of an emerging infectious disease by uniting monitoring efforts across jurisdictional boundaries and demonstrated the importance of coordinated monitoring programs, such as the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat), for data-driven conservation assessments and planning.     

烟气排放连续监测系统存在问题及建议

介绍了烟气排放连续监测系统（CEMS）中气态污染物监测子系统、烟尘监测子系统、烟气排放参数监测子系统的配置现状。针对现场CEMS的安装、运营、环保检查、质控比对监测中常见的问题,进行了研究与分析,对分析、校准、测量等关键单元进行了优化,提出了合理改进建议和对策。