沈阳市地下水监测点优选方法研究

本文针对沈阳市地下水监测点优选方法进行研究.采用聚类分析划分污染类型,应用模糊数学划分污染程度,运用环境地质学原理和地质制图技术及数学方法绘制出相应图件,两图叠加形成块段,从中优选出监测点.     

The impact of screening for open neural tube defects in England and Wales

Using information derived from the voluntary system of notification of congenital malformations in England and Wales, the birth prevalence of anencephaly and spina bifida was estimated to have declined by 80 per cent from 31.5 to 6.2 per 10 000 between 1964–1972 and 1985. Over the same period, notified terminations of pregnancy with a suspected fetal central nervous system abnormality increased from less than 1 per cent to 56 per cent of neural tube defect births and central nervous system terminations combined, accounting for 31 per cent of the decline in births. Routinely collected national statistics provide a method for monitoring the impact of screening for open neural tube defects. However because they are incomplete and lack detail an alternative method of monitoring is needed. This paper includes an outline of such a method, together with the results of a pilot study designed to assess the feasibility of monitoring screening in the Oxford Region.     

Counting of visitors in the Meijendel dunes, The Netherlands

Accurate and sufficiently detailed information about recreation-related use of dune areas is necessary for their management. Long-term monitoring can provide this information. This paper presents the visitor counting programme used in the Meijendel dune area since 1992. The data collected during the first ten years are used to evaluate the method. The combination of mechanical vehicle counts and additional visual counts proved to be reliable and produced an accurate data set. Costs could be reduced through eventually reducing the number of counting locations and limiting the number of visual counts.     

Investigating the sources of the mutagenic activity found in a river using the Salmonella assay and different water extraction procedures

In the routine São Paulo state (Brazil) surface water quality-monitoring program, which includes the Salmonella microsome mutagenicity assay as one of its parameters, a river where water is taken and treated for drinking water purposes has repeatedly shown mutagenic activity. A textile dyeing facility employing azo-type dyes was the only identifiable source of mutagenic compounds. We extracted the river and drinking water samples with XAD4 at neutral and acidic pH and with blue rayon, which selectively adsorbs polycyclic compounds. We tested the industrial effluent, raw, and treated water and sediment samples with YG1041 and YG1042 and compared the results with the TA98 and TA100 strains. The elevated mutagenicity detected with YG-strains suggested that nitroaromatics and/or aromatic amines were causing the mutagenicity detected in the samples analyzed. Positive responses for the blue rayon extracts indicated that mutagenic polycyclic compounds were present in the water samples analyzed. The mutagen or mixture of mutagens present in the effluent and water samples cause mainly frameshift mutations and are positive with and without metabolic activation. The Salmonella assay combined with different extraction procedures proved to be very useful in the identification of the origin of the pollution and in the identification of the classes of chemical compounds causing the mutagenic activity in the river analyzed.     

环境中全氟有机物的毒性、检测分析及降解

自全氟有机物广泛使用50多年以来,已经在世界范围内发现一定浓度的全氟有机物,各国研究人员针对该类物质特别是全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟辛烷基磺酸(PFOS)进行了一定的研究.介绍了该类物质的污染现状,阐述了全氟有机物的毒性、检测分析技术及降解技术,在此基础上提出了今后的研究方向.     

The irish sea: Towards a more effective science strategy

The Irish Sea's distinctive hydrographic features present unique opportunities for research into the complex processes that regulate shelf-sea ecosystems. Such studies are essential in developing capabilities to detect and evaluate change in marine environments. A 1993 review showed almost 230 projects underway on the Irish Sea, spanning all the major fields of marine science. But a large proportion of research projects failed to indicate the purpose of the work; overall, there was a remarkable absence of clarity and specificity in the objectives. Progress in some fields is also hampered by insufficient coordination and cohesion; at present there are no standing arrangements between Ireland and the United Kingdom that provide for bilateral, co-ordination of scientific work in the area. There is clearly a need for a more planned and integrated Irish Sea science programme to provide information for management purposes and also to advance scientific understanding of the components and functions of Irish Sea ecosystems, and how and why they change with time. There is a common belief that the first of these predominantly involves monitoring, and the second research. However, the paper cautions that this is a dubious and unnecessary distinction. A strategy aimed at better integration of research and monitoring (e.g. a framework of linked objectives and targets) could substantially increase the information dividend from current investments in Irish Sea science. Based on a joint Irish/UK review, this paper outlines studies and approaches that are seen as key elements of a future, more relevant and costeffective research programme for the Irish Sea.     

Invertebrate recolonization of fine-grained beneficial use schemes: An example from the southeast coast of England

The disposal of maintenance dredged material constitutes one of the most important problems in coastal zone management. To minimise ecological impacts, a number of ‘beneficial use’ options have developed whereby the material is regarded as a potential resource and used to recharge or recreate intertidal habitats. This paper presents the results of a sampling programme to investigate the macrofaunal recovery rates, and the underlying mechanisms responsible for them, following a beneficial use scheme involving the placement of fine-grained dredged material on a salt marsh in southeast England. Three stations in the recharge area and three reference stations, located within the same salt marsh system, were selected. These stations were sampled prior to recharge (recharge stations only) then 1 week, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after the recharge. Sediment redox potentials (1, 2 and 4 cm sediment depths) were also measured on each sampling occasion. The results indicated a rapid recolonization of the fauna typical of the surrounding salt marsh channels. All univariate parameters had recovered after 3 months after the recharge. Active post-juvenile immigration is likely to have been the predominant recovery process. Multivariate data analysis revealed that the community structure of the recharge stations, however, did not progress towards those of the reference sites. Natural spatial variability in community structure at the scale of the recharge-reference station distance, and differences in eventual tidal elevations are factors responsible for these differences. The need to carefully assess reference site suitability in monitoring beneficial use schemes is discussed.     

基于监测样本信息的水环境系统权重分配方法

针对水环境系统权重分配问题，从建筑系统客观背景入手，以环境因子监测样本资料为信息源，通过构造关联信息矩阵，并采用旋转正交转变换的主成分分析法，定量地描述了交五因子在整体系统的贡献，最后依贡献量大小识别对应各个因子的权重值，实例表明，该方法物理意义清晰结果客观合理。     

大气污染预测预报研究

以排放到大气环境中的烟尘为例，进行大气污染预测预报，并利用保证率的概念表示预测的结果，为大气污染的预测预报工作提供了一种基本方法。     

环境噪声监测与分析

在大量的资料进行了整理分析的基础上，叙述了近几年重庆市渝中区环境噪声控制所取得的进展，并提出进一步改善声环境质量的一些建议。