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41.
环境监测人员培训效果评价的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为提高环境监测站人员培训质量,提升人员开发的水平,培训效果评价作为培训管理的重要环节,是培训活动长期有效开展的重要保证措施.就环境监测站人员培训效果评价的目的及意义、评价内容、评价的标准和方法等方面进行了探讨. 相似文献
42.
为进一步规范我国的环境监测质量管理工作、系统化质量控制技术,参照国外先进的质量管理经验,结合我国环境监测体系的实际情况,搭建了我国环境监测质量管理与控制技术体系框架,在做了大量基础性研究的前提下,编写了一系列支持该体系正常运行的指导性文件. 相似文献
43.
44.
近年来,随着环境监测技术规范化建设的不断发展,国家环保部相继出台了包括火力发电、水泥制造、汽车制造、造纸工业在内的12个不同行业类型的建设项目竣工验收技术规范。然而,造纸污泥综合利用热电项目验收监测尚未列入规范编制日程,其中工程调查、标准制定、点位布设和报告编制等环节仍存在一定误区和难点。文章例从上述薄弱环节入手,对常见难点问题提出了相应的解决办法,可供广大环境监测工作者参考和借鉴。 相似文献
45.
46.
随着机动车大量开始进入普通家庭,内蒙古自治区机动车保有量快速增长,使得机动车排气污染已经成为城市大气污染的重要来源。因此,开展在用机动 车排气污染防治工作,建立切实有效的机动车排气污染监控体系刻不容缓。本文对内蒙古自治区在用机动车排气污染监控体系和保障好保障体系建设内容进行了初探。 相似文献
47.
Standard procedures for evaluating environmental impact involve comparison between before and after conditions or scenarios
or between treatment and control site pairs. In many cases, however, endogenous directional change (natural succession) is
expected to occur at a significant rate over the period of concern, particularly for manmade systems such as impoundments.
Static evaluations do not provide an adequate approach to such problems. A new evaluation frame is proposed. Nominal system
behavior over time is characterized by a stochastic envelope around a nominal trajectory. We show that both the state variance
and the sampling variance can change over time. In this context, environmental regulations can be framed as constraints, targets,
or conformance to ideal trajectories. Statistical tests for determining noncompliance are explored relative to process variance,
sample error, and sample size. Criteria are elucidated for choosing properties to monitor, sample size, and sampling interval. 相似文献
48.
Almost half (354) of all fish kills (805) in South Carolina, USA, between 1978 and 1988 occurred in the coastal zone. These
kills were analyzed for causative, spatial, and temporal associations as a distinct data set and as one integrated with ambient
water quality monitoring data. Estuarine kills as a result of natural causes accounted for 42.8% followed by man-induced (35.1%)
and undetermined causes (22.1%).
Although general pesticide usage was responsible for 53.9% of man-induced kills, weed control activities around resorts and
municipal areas accounted for slightly more kills (20.9%) than did agricultural (19.8%) or vector control (13.2%) uses. A
dramatic decline in agricultural-related kills has been observed since 1986 as the integrated pest management approach was
adopted by many farmers. When taken with the few kills (12.0%) resulting from wastewaters, this suggests that these two land-use
activities have been successfully managed via existing programs (IPM and NPDES, respectively) to minimize their contributions
to estuarine fish kills.
Ambient trend monitoring data demonstrated no coastal-wide dispersion of pesticide pollution. These data confirmed the nature
of fish kills to be site-specific, near-field events most closely associated with the contiguous land-use practices and intensities.
Typically, fish kill data are considered as event-specific data limited to the bounds of that event only. Our analysis has
shown, however, that a long-term data set, when integrated with ambient water quality data, can assist in regulatory and resource
management decisions for both short- and long-term planning and protection applications. 相似文献
49.
Remote sensing has emerged as one of the major techniques for the analysis and delineation of large floods. This analysis can provide data invaluable for the hydrological management of large river systems. A need for information on the extent of floodplain inundation for the lower reaches of the largest river in the UK was met by a search through Landsat images of floods and the analysis of the best example recorded. Automated classification of the Landsat imagery of this flood on the river Severn in 1977 was used to provide estimates of the extent and spatial distribution of inundation. Flood images were generated using the Plessey IDP 3000 image processor, and the maps derived accorded well with aerial photography and qualitative flood information. Three distinct floodplain environments were delineated and flood images produced by different spectral bands compared. Specific questions prompted by flood hazard management and concerning the processes and extent of flooding were answered by the Landsat data analysis. Management of the flood risk of large rivers is expensive and remote sensing data is a relatively cheap and effective way of monitoring control works and providing data for the prediction of the effects of future hydrological works. Remote sensing is a practical way in which spatial information concerning the behavior of large dynamic systems can be obtained both quickly and relatively cheaply. 相似文献
50.
R. S. Kanwar J. L. Baker S. W. Melvin 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(4):573-579
ABSTRACT: A large number of agricultural drainage wells (ADWs) are located in north-central Iowa. These wells permit sediments, pesticides, nitrate, and bacteria in surface and subsurface drainage water to enter regional aquifers that are currently being used for drinking-water supplies, mostly by rural families and communities. This paper reports some possible alternatives to control the entry of surface and subsurface drainage waters into groundwater systems, and describes a methodology to make comprehensive economic feasibility studies of alternative drainage outlets. The estimated cost of providing main subsurface drains varied from $220 to $960 per hectare. If the use of ADWs was completely eliminated without providing alternative drainage, it is estimated that the average annual loss to the farmers of the area would be at least $270 per hectare in reduced crop yields. Of course, losses would be weather dependent and highly variable. Management practices to reduce the pollutant load in water draining to ADWs are also discussed. 相似文献