北大园区室内挥发性有机物(VOCs)的研究

1997年3~5月,对北京大学校园区内多处师生住所及公共场所室内空气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行了调查研究。结果表明,大多数房屋内总VOCs浓度在220~2000μg/m3范围内;通风条件、季节变化、人为活动对室内VOCs浓度水平起着重要影响。室外空气质量也直接影响着室内VOCs浓度高低:室内多种芳香烃和烷烃主要来自于室外汽车尾气的排放,其贡献率为76%~92%。      

简易瞬态工况法排气检测防舞弊措施探讨

介绍了简易瞬态工况法相对于双怠速法的技术优势,分析了该方法排气检测过程中的常见问题与作弊手段。提出以质量控制为基础,采取检测全过程防舞弊措施;与机动车排放监督管理系统建设相结合,对检测设备软件版本实施统一监控;通过实时数据分析,建立检测工位前端防舞弊控制机制;对检测数据分类统计与分析,促进检测工作公正与规范;借助视频监控手段,实现对检测过程的实时监管;加强日常巡查,促进监管工作体系持续完善等建议。     

基于MOVES的西安市出租车污染物排放分析

利用MOVES模型对2012年西安市出租车油改气后污染物排放因子进行模拟,得出污染物CO、NOx、PM2.5、PM10、HC的排放因子分别为3.488 1 g/km、0.370 0 g/km、0.004 7 g/km、0.005 1 g/km、0.095 2 g/km,计算得到5种污染物的年排放总量分别为4 830.76 t、512.42 t、6.51 t、7.06 t、131.85 t。将得到的数据与2010年相关数据比对,说明出租车油改气后污染物排放量在机动车总排放量中所占比例有所下降。     

上海市机动车污染及其控制对策

机动车尾气排放造成环境污染的防治已成为上海城市大气环境保护的重点。通过车辆的类型，数量及耗油晨非线性发展模式分析，对２０１０年进行了污染排放预测，并提出了相应的防治对策。     

Using latent class clustering and binary logistic regression to model Australian cyclist injury severity in motor vehicle–bicycle crashes

Introduction: In recent years, Australia is seeing an increase in the total number of cyclists. However, the rise of serious injuries and fatalities to cyclists has been a major concern. Understanding the factors affecting the fatalities and injuries of bicyclists in crashes with motor vehicles is important to develop effective policy measures aimed at improving the safety of bicyclists. This study aims to identify the factors affecting motor vehicle-bicycle (MVB) crashes in Victoria, Australia and introducing effective countermeasures for the identified risk factors. Method: A data set of 14,759 MVB crash records from Victoria, Australia between 2006 and 2019 was analyzed using the binary logit model and latent class clustering. Results: It was observed that the factors that increase the risk of fatalities and serious injuries of bicyclists (FSI) in all clusters are: elderly bicyclist, not using a helmet, and darkness condition. Likewise, in areas with no traffic control, clear weather, and dry surface condition (cluster 1), high speed limits increase the risk of FSI, but the occurrence of MVB crashes in cross intersection and T-intersection has been significantly associated with a reduction in the risk of FSI. In areas with traffic control and unfavorable weather conditions (cluster 2), wet road surface increases the risk of FSI, but the areas with give way sign and pedestrian crossing signs reduce the risk of FSI. Practical Applications: Recommendations to reduce the risk of fatalities or serious injury to bicyclists are: improvement of road lighting and more exposure of bicyclists using reflective clothing and reflectors, separation of the bicycle and vehicle path in mid blocks especially in high-speed areas, using a more stable bicycle for the older people, monitoring helmet use, improving autonomous emergency braking, and using bicyclist detection technology for vehicles.     

Impact of medical fitness to drive policies in preventing property damage,injury, and death from motor vehicle collisions in Ontario,Canada

Introduction: Drivers with medical conditions and functional impairments are at increased collision risk. A challenge lies in identifying the point at which such risk becomes unacceptable to society and requires mitigating measures. This study models the road safety impact of medical fitness-to-drive policy in Ontario. Method: Using data from 2005 to 2014, we estimated the losses to road safety incurred during the time medically-at-risk drivers were under review, as well as the savings to road safety accrued as a result of licensing decisions made after the review process. Results: While under review, drivers with medical conditions had an age- and sex-standardized collision rate no different from the general driver population, suggesting no road safety losses occurred (RR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.93–1.12). Licensing decisions were estimated to have subsequently prevented 1,211 (95% CI: 780–1,730) collisions, indicating net road safety savings resulting from medical fitness to drive policies. However, more collisions occurred than were prevented for drivers with musculoskeletal disorders, sleep apnea, and diabetes. We theorize on these findings and discuss its multiple implications. Conclusions: Minimizing the impact of medical conditions on collision occurrence requires robust policies that balance fairness and safety. It is dependent on efforts by academic researchers (who study fitness to drive); policymakers (who set driver medical standards); licensing authorities (who make licensing decisions under such standards); and clinicians (who counsel patients on their driving risk and liaise with licensing authorities). Practical Applications: Further efforts are needed to improve understanding of the effects of medical conditions on collision risk, especially for the identified conditions and combinations of conditions. Results reinforce the value of optimizing the processes by which information is solicited from physicians in order to better assess the functional impact of drivers’ medical conditions on driving and to take suitable licensing action.     

Medical referral and license disposition for drivers in Iowa

Introduction: Driver retirement and determination of fitness-to-drive are important aspects of reducing the risk of motor-vehicle collision for an older driver. A lack of information about the review process may lead to poor evaluation of drivers or an increased testing burden to referred drivers. Methods: This paper evaluates the license review process for the state of Iowa. We evaluated data from January 2014 to January 2018 and described the source of referral, testing process, and ultimate license disposition. Cox proportional hazards for competing risk were used to determine the risk of having a change in restrictions on the license and the risk of license denial. Results: 20,742 individuals were followed through the medical referral process. The most common source of referrals was licensing officials (39.7%). Drivers referred by licensing officials were less likely to be denied their license when compared to drivers from other sources (HR = 0.92 95%CI: 0.87–0.98); however, licensing official referrals were more likely to result in license restrictions compared to other sources (HR = 1.91, 95%CI: 1.82–2.00). Drivers referred by either law enforcement or a physician were more likely to ultimately have their license denied. Conclusions: Physician and law enforcement referred the drivers most likely to have their license denied. A smaller proportion of drivers were referred by physicians and law enforcement compared to licensing officials. Practical Applications: Licensing agencies should work with physicians and law enforcement to identify drivers who may need a review of their license. Comprehensive tracking of all medical referrals for a driver’s license review is important for individual states to understand the burden of their driver referral process and for identifying referral sources with a high proportion of referrals with no licensing change for targeted outreach and education.     

江苏省机动车“天地车人”一体化监控系统建设研究

构建江苏省“天地车人”一体化监控系统,利用道路遥感监测、定期排放检验、路检路查和停放地监督抽测、重型柴油车远程排放监控等手段发现高排放车辆,通过系统检测与维护(I/M)制度,对机动车进行全天候、全方位实时监控及闭环管理,同时开展非道路移动机械的登记和管理,并对5000 t以上的加油站进行油气回收在线监控。通过大数据分析开展机动车排放数据的深入挖掘,以期为重污染天气的应急管理及政府决策提供有效技术支撑。     

城市机动车污染及总量控制对策和建议

分析了国内外机动车污染防治现状,重点探讨了大、中城市机动车进行总量控制和削减机动车排放总量面临的问题,并从调节机动车存量、增量、流量的角度,对城市机动车污染治理提出对策和建议。