两型社会下人居环境的全过程优化研究与实践——以室内空气质量优化为例

结合中国住宅室内装修污染现状,在当前日益注重室内空气品质的趋势下,通过全过程控制室内空气污染,对现有的室内污染物控制方式进行优化,从而有效保证室内空气品质,打造安全、健康、环保的绿色人居环境。     

新型人工快速渗滤系统处理村镇污水工艺参数优化

在巢湖双桥河建立了中试规模的人工快速渗滤系统(CRI),系统经过一个月左右启动期后挂膜成功。通过考察不同湿干比条件下CODMn、TP、TN和NH3-N的去除效果,确定系统湿干比为1 d∶2 d,水力负荷周期为3 d。TP、TN和NH3-N在1.0 m/d的水力负荷条件下能够达到最佳的处理效果,特别是TN;而CODMn在1.3 m/d取得最佳的去除效果。综合考虑脱氮除磷和有机污染物的去除,选取水力负荷为1.0 m/d可得到最佳的出水水质。综合4种污染物的去除特点,特别考虑到对TN去除的需要,同时兼顾工程成本,填料厚度确定为1.2～1.5 m之间为最佳。选取生物陶粒、钢渣、活性炭和天然沸石为渗滤介质,研究结果表明,从去除有机污染物和TP角度考虑,选取活性炭和钢渣可达到较好的去除效果,其中钢渣对TP去除效果更佳;而活性炭具有其他4种填料不可替代的脱氮效果。以上工艺组合形式的确定将为巢湖流域CRI系统的推广提供科学依据和数据支持。     

基质结构对水平潜流人工湿地净化效果影响

为研究基质填充结构变化对人工湿地净化效果的影响,构建2个不同基质结构的对比水平潜流人工湿地实验系统,对城市污水处理厂出水进行深度处理。实验结果表明,1～7 mm石英砂均混填充结构人工湿地系统对COD、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别为49.5%,40.1%和56.1%;比较而言,1～7 mm石英砂分层填充结构湿地系统对3种污染物的平均去除率分别为53.7%,60.4%和68.6%。方差分析表明,不同石英砂结构的人工湿地对COD、NH4+-N及TP的净化效果差异显著(p<0.05)。此外,不同水力停留时间条件下,基质填充结构不同的湿地系统对以上3种污染物的净化效果也存在显著差异(p<0.05),去除率随着水力停留时间的增加而升高,当HRT为36 h时,各系统均能取得较好的净化效果。     

Optimal design of compact and connected nature reserves for multiple species

When designing a conservation reserve system for multiple species, spatial attributes of the reserves must be taken into account at species level. The existing optimal reserve design literature considers either one spatial attribute or when multiple attributes are considered the analysis is restricted only to one species. We built a linear integer programing model that incorporates compactness and connectivity of the landscape reserved for multiple species. The model identifies multiple reserves that each serve a subset of target species with a specified coverage probability threshold to ensure the species' long‐term survival in the reserve, and each target species is covered (protected) with another probability threshold at the reserve system level. We modeled compactness by minimizing the total distance between selected sites and central sites, and we modeled connectivity of a selected site to its designated central site by selecting at least one of its adjacent sites that has a nearer distance to the central site. We considered structural distance and functional distances that incorporated site quality between sites. We tested the model using randomly generated data on 2 species, one ground species that required structural connectivity and the other an avian species that required functional connectivity. We applied the model to 10 bird species listed as endangered by the state of Illinois (U.S.A.). Spatial coherence and selection cost of the reserves differed substantially depending on the weights assigned to these 2 criteria. The model can be used to design a reserve system for multiple species, especially species whose habitats are far apart in which case multiple disjunct but compact and connected reserves are advantageous. The model can be modified to increase or decrease the distance between reserves to reduce or promote population connectivity.     

电动力学技术去除剩余污泥中铜、锌条件优化

电动力学去除剩余污泥中重金属受到多种因素的影响,其中电解电压、电极面积、电极材料等都有较大的影响,很有必要进行条件优化研究。针对存在的问题,系统的研究了电解电压、电极面积、电极材料对电动力学修复过程的影响。研究表明,影响污泥中重金属Cu和Zn去除率的因素大小顺序为:电压电极面积电极材料;采用等于或低于氢析出电压进行电动力学修复时,更有利于提高污泥中重金属去除率;增大电极面积,提高了电流强度,有利于污泥中重金属的转化、迁移,从而提高污泥中重金属去除率;研究表明,采用低于氢析出电压和惰性电极可以有效避免电极被腐蚀。     

湿法烟气脱硫废水系统设计优化

湿法脱硫废水处理系统由于设计不合理、设备故障率高等原因，导致湿法脱硫废水处理系统无法正常运行，甚至停运状态。通过优化脱硫废水系统设计，降低废水水源含固量和污泥循环回收等方式，提高系统灵活性、可靠性的同时，大幅降低了系统运行维护成本。     

Design and analysis of artificial bee-colony-based MPPT algorithm for DFIG-based wind energy conversion systems

In this article, the proposed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is designed by taking rotor speed as an optimization problem, which is solved by artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to generate the maximum power output. The main advantage of this algorithm is that its optimal solution is independent of the initial positions and requirement of lesser number of control parameters, which leads to simple and robust MPPT algorithm than other algorithm. Furthermore, the hill climb search and particle swarm optimization-based MPPT algorithm are also discussed and the results obtained by these are compared to verify the effectiveness of proposed algorithm. Simulations for MPPT control along with doubly fed induction-generator-based wind energy conversion system is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Three statistical methods are used to evaluate the accuracy of each MPPT algorithm. All results are analyzed and compared under randomly selected wind as well as real wind speed configuration. Comparison of both numerical and simulation results under two different varying wind speed conditions strongly suggest that the proposed ABC-based MPPT algorithm is superior than other two MPPT algorithms.     

城市旅游地景观格局演变与优化研究——以南京为例

城市旅游地景观格局是城市旅游与景观生态共同的研究热点。研究以南京为例,利用Arc GIS技术,以累积耗费距离及旅游地景观演化模型为分析手段,探讨了研究区自1991年以来的景观格局演变与优化问题。结果表明:(1)1991~2003年,旅游景观比重减少而非旅游景观增加;2003~2014年,旅游景观比重增加而非旅游景观递减。景观演化表现为先后台化再旅游化的特征。(2)河湖水面、公园与绿地、建设用地景观形状日趋规则化,林地、交通用地景观形状复杂度不断提升,景观破碎化程度加剧且多样性先上升后下降,表现出快速、高度城市化过程。(3)根据景观生态系统服务功能价值和空间作用,构建生态源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分来加强生态网络的空间联系,提出格局优化方案。(4)非旅游型城市景观应进一步转变为典型旅游景观,以保持景观旅游化及旅游地景观演化的可持续性。     

合流制排水系统截流倍数优选

合流制排水系统截流倍数的选择对截流改造工程的环境效益、管网及污水厂建设投资和运行成本均起着决定性的作用.以巢湖市旧城区排水系统为例,利用改进型雨水管理模型(SWMM),通过单位投资最大环境效益的截流倍数优选方法,确定最优的截流倍数.研究结果表明,以最大单位投资环境效益为优化目标,得到最佳截流倍数为4.0,COD、TN和TP的去除比分别为11.7％、1.2％和13.7％.此外,在截流倍数取4.0时,截流式合流制系统全年溢入环城河的污染物总量已小于分流制雨水管道直接排入环城河的污染物量,达到合流制排水系统分流化的效果.     

能源强度与中国制造业产业结构优化实证

制造业的能源消耗和产业结构优化关系一直是学术界研究的焦点之一。该文利用Geweke因果检验方法,并采用1993—2013年20年间的数据,对中国制造业产业结构优化与制造业能源利用效率之间的关系进行统计和分析。首先,对中国制造业产业结构优化的情况进行描述性分析,将产业结构优化划分成产业结构合理化和高级化两个方面,研究发现中国制造业产业结构优化中高级化都呈现良好的趋势,但制造业产业结构合理化却呈现出"倒U"变化趋势,这与国家的宏观政策具有一定相关性。其次,计算制造业的能源强度,并利用LMD方法对能源强度进行分解,分解为结构效应和技术效应两个方面,研究发现中国制造业能源强度变化受到技术效应影响波及时间较长,结构效应变化造成短期影响较大。最后,利用Gewke因果检验的方法对能源强度和制造业产业结构优化之间的长期因果关系、即时因果关系及整体因果关系进行统计检验,研究发现:中国制造业产业结构优化与能源消耗之间形成两条不同反馈循环,一条为制造业产业结构合理化、结构效应及技术效应之间的短期反馈循环,另一条为产业结构优化内部和技术效应之间的长期反馈循环,这两条循环相互促进和影响,最终形成闭合横"8"字均衡循环。据此,研究给出相应的政策和建议:一是制造业产业结构优化调整是实现能源的"开源节流"的有效手段;二是制定差异化的能源政策和产业结构调整政策是实现"减少能源压力、保证经济发展"双赢局面的重要保障和前提。