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71.
A Nitrate-N Leaching Index (NLI) is calculated and the results indicate that nitrogen loss in the study area occurs through both leaching and surface runoff. A non-linear regression model of trapping efficiency was combined with a first order decay model to examine the impact of soil characteristics, slope, vegetative cover, land use and distance to streams on the spatial pattern of non-point source nitrogen inputs to streams. The model evaluates the statistical significance of each landscape factor and provides an easy interpretation of the landscape delivery ratio of nitrogen based on a pixel-based characterisation of the watershed. The model was validated by comparing the distributions of the observed and estimated monthly nitrogen concentrations. The exploratory GIS-based method presented here can improve the understanding of the impact of landscape characteristics on nitrate-nitrogen contributing areas and therefore assist watershed management efforts. 相似文献
72.
Sundström M Bogdanska J Pham HV Athanasios V Nobel S McAlees A Eriksson J DePierre JW Bergman Å 《Chemosphere》2012,87(8):865-871
Here, we describe for the first time the synthesis of [35S] PFOS and [35S] PFBS with sulfur-35 enriched sulfur dioxide as the radiolabelled reagent, resulting in 2.5 and 2.3 mCi of product, respectively. Basic information concerning the physicochemical properties of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are still limited. Hence, we utilized these radiolabelled perfluoroalkanesulfonates (PFSAs), as well as carbon-14 labelled perfluorooctanoic acid ([14C] PFOA) to determine some basic characteristics of physiological and experimental significance.The solubility of PFOS in buffered aqueous solutions at pH 7.4 was found to be severely reduced in the presence of potassium and sodium ions, which, however, did not reduce the solubility of PFOA or PFBS. PFOS was found to adhere to a small extent to polypropylene and polystyrene, whereas no such adhesion of PFOA or PFBS was detected. The extents of adhesion of PFOS and PFOA to glass were found to be 20% and 10%, respectively. For the first time, the partition coefficients for PFOS, PFBS and PFOA between n-octanol and water were determined experimentally, to be −0.7, −0.3, and 1.4, respectively, reflecting the difference in the amphiphilic natures of these molecules. 相似文献
73.
S. A. CLAY Z. LIU R. THALER H. KENNOUCHE 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):841-850
The objectives of this study were to assess sorption and desorption of tylosin, a macrolide antimicrobial chemical used in swine, cattle, and poultry production, in three silty clay loam soils of South Dakota and compare soil sorption to sand and manure sorption. The silty clay loam soils, from a toposequence in eastern South Dakota, standardized sand samples, and swine manure were used in 24-h batch sorption studies with tylosin concentrations ranging from 25 to 232 μ mole/L. Desorption from soil was conducted over a four-day period. Partition coefficients, based on the Freundlich isotherm (K f ) or K d values, were calculated. K f values for the silty clay loams were similar, not influenced by landscape position, and averaged 1350 with isotherm slopes ranging from 0.85 to 0.93. K f values for sand were dependent on solution/sand ratios and pH, ranging from 1.4 to 25.1. K d values of manure were dependent on the solution type and ranged from 840 L/kg with urine to about 175 L/kg when sorbed from water. Desorption of tylosin from each soil over the four-day period was < 0.2% of the amount added. The soils' high K f values and low desorption amounts suggest that once tylosin is in these soils, leaching to lower depths may not occur. However, this does not preclude runoff with soil eroded particles. If tylosin reaches a sand aquifer, through bypass flow or other mechanism(s), movement in the aquifer most likely would occur. 相似文献
74.
75.
应用量子化学参数预测多氯有机物的分配性质 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
应用量子化学AM1算法求得多氯有机物的量化参数,以此来构建定量结构-性质相关(QSPR)模型。该模型能较好地预测多氯有机物的正辛醇/水分配系数(Kow)和沉积物吸附系数(Koc).Kow和Koc平均误差分别为0.31和0.33个对数单位。模型的稳健性检验结果表明:模型中自变量不存在相关关系;残差呈正态分布;对Koc来说,PCB和PCDD/F在构建模型中起核心作用,剔除该类化合物导致模型相关系数明显下降,农药类及氯硝基苯类化合物的存在降低了模型的精度。 相似文献
76.
季铵盐改性土壤对水中苯酚的吸附及机理研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)对土壤进行了改性。结果表明,改必一时最适温度为50 ̄55℃,最适PH为中性最适HDTMA浓度为1%,又考察了PH、改性土壤用量及振荡时间对吸附效果的影响,通过测定吸附等温线探讨了吸附机理。结果表明,PH=3 ̄10时,酚捐附去除率基本不变,当PH〉10时,吸附效率随PH增大而提高。随着改性土壤用量的增加和振荡时间的延长。酚的去除率升高。改性土壤对苯酚的等温吸附规 相似文献
77.
Nakashima Y Nakano T Nakamura K Uesugi K Tsuchiyama A Ikeda S 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2004,74(1-4):253-264
The diffusion pathways of porous sandstone were examined by a three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique based on X-ray computed tomography (CT) using the SPring-8 (Super Photon ring-8 GeV, Hyogo, Japan) synchrotron radiation facility. The analysis was undertaken to develop better understanding of the diffusion pathways in natural rock as a key factor in clarifying the detailed mechanism of the diffusion of radionuclides and water molecules through the pore spaces of natural barriers in underground nuclear waste disposal facilities. A cylindrical sample (diameter 4 mm, length 6 mm) of sandstone (porosity 0.14) was imaged to obtain a 3-D image set of 450(3) voxels=2.62(3) mm(3). Through cluster-labeling analysis of the 3-D image set, it was revealed that 89% of the pore space forms a single large pore-cluster responsible for macroscopic diffusive transport, while only 11% of the pore space is made up of isolated pores that are not involved in long-range diffusive transport. Computer simulations of the 3-D diffusion of non-sorbing random walkers in the largest pore cluster were performed to calculate the surface-to-volume ratio of the pore, tortuosity (diffusion coefficient in free space divided by that in porous rock). The results showed that (i) the simulated surface-to-volume ratio is about 60% of the results obtained by conventional pulsed-field-gradient proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) laboratory experiments and (ii) the simulated tortuosity is five to seven times larger than the results of laboratory diffusion experiments using non-sorbing I(-) and Br(-). These discrepancies are probably attributed to the intrinsic sample heterogeneity and limited spatial resolution of the CT system. The permeability was also estimated based on the NMR diffusometry theory using the results of the random walk simulations via the Kozeny-Carman equation. The estimated permeability involved an error of about 20% compared with the permeability measured by the conventional method, suggesting that the diffusometry-based NMR well logging with gradient coils is applicable to the in-situ permeability measurement of strata. The present study demonstrated that X-ray CT using synchrotron radiation is a powerful tool for obtaining 3-D pore structure images without the beam-hardening artifacts inevitable in conventional CT using X-ray tubes. 相似文献
78.
Johan Axelman Dag Broman Carina Näf Harald Pettersen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1995,2(1):33-36
Linear relatinships between log bioconcentration factor (BCF) and log Kow for a variety of compounds have been reported many times in the literature. Analysis of the thermodynamics of the two partition
processes has, however, shown that they are not analogous and that linear relationships can be expected to have different
slopes for structurally unrelated compounds. In this study a set of literature lipid normalized BCF (BCFL) values of chlorbenzenes (CBs) for rainbow trout and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) forDaphnia was put together with literature Kow values. The slopes of the regression lines for log BCFL versus log Kow for the two groups of compounds proved to differ significantly in a statistical test using analysis of variance (ANOVA).
The difference, which is of significance for estimates of BCFs in environmental modelling of these types of compounds, is
explained by the differences in chemical structure of the two groups of compounds. 相似文献
79.
Wenping Zhang Changsheng Guo Jiapei Lv Xu Li Jian Xu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(3):30
80.
Jensen TS Jensen JD Hasler B Illerup JB Andersen FM 《Journal of environmental management》2007,82(1):133-143
Integrated modelling of the interaction between environmental pressure and economic development is a useful tool to evaluate environmental consequences of policy initiatives. However, the usefulness of such models is often restricted by the fact that these models only include a limited set of environmental impacts, which are often energy-related emissions. In order to evaluate the development in the overall environmental pressure correctly, these model systems must be extended. In this article an integrated macroeconomic model system of the Danish economy with environmental modules of energy related emissions is extended to include the agricultural contribution to climate change and acidification. Next to the energy sector, the agricultural sector is the most important contributor to these environmental themes and subsequently the extended model complex calculates more than 99% of the contribution to both climate change and acidification. Environmental sub-models are developed for agriculture-related emissions of CH(4), N(2)O and NH(3). Agricultural emission sources related to the production specific activity variables are mapped and emission dependent parameters are identified in order to calculate emission coefficients. The emission coefficients are linked to the economic activity variables of the Danish agricultural production. The model system is demonstrated by projections of agriculture-related emissions in Denmark under two alternative sets of assumptions: a baseline projection of the general economic development and a policy scenario for changes in the husbandry sector within the agricultural sector. 相似文献