上海市制药行业废水特征污染因子控制指标分析

制药工业特别是生物制药是上海市六大支柱产业之一,而在制药生产过程中存在着原辅料投入量大产出比小、污染严重的问题。针对制药企业在生产中的原辅材料、工艺过程、产品环节中可能产生有毒有害有机物等进行了调研分析;对比国内外相关排放控制标准,提出了制药工业污废水排放中特征污染因子控制指标的建议。建议补充18种特征污染因子,其中包括1种重金属及无机物、16种有机污染物和1项生物安全因子。     

工艺安全绩效指标介绍

介绍了根据瑞士奶酪模型——事故与保护层漏洞所设置的工艺安全绩效指标体系,探讨了美国石油学会标准的工艺安全绩效指标及分级,列举了每一级指标的具体指标和数据收集要求,并具体介绍了杜邦公司的工艺安全绩效指标体系,为国内企业提供参考。     

大气气溶胶中硝基多环芳烃分析方法的建立及应用

硝基多环芳烃类化合物是一类强致突变和致癌物.大气中的硝基多环芳烃主要由化石类燃料燃烧时直接释放,或由前体化合物多环芳烃经光化学反应生成,其浓度远低于多环芳烃.利用高效液相色谱法,分离并富集目标组分,结合气相色谱-质谱技术,建立大气气溶胶中硝基多环芳烃类化合物的检测方法,仪器检测限为1.17～2.94pg,硝基多环芳烃指...     

中国CO2排放总量控制区域分解方案研究

探讨CO2排放总量区域分解的方法.借鉴国际上针对国家之间的分解原则和方法,提出中国省际之间的分解的公平性、可行性和效率性三大原则;确定了排放水平、经济水平、工业能源利用水平、非化石能源利用水平4大影响因子;提出了人均排放量、人均GDP、工业增加值能耗、工业增加值能耗变化趋势、非化石能源占一次能源消费比例5个指标,构建了...     

秸秆发电环保性能及产业发展前景分析

阐述了秸秆发电技术及国内外秸秆发电产业发展现状.通过秸秆与煤炭对比研究,阐明了秸秆发电的环保性能,结果显示,CO2、SO2、烟尘减排量可观.同时结合国内秸秆电厂运行情况,总结了秸秆发电实际运行中存在的技术问题并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

Realizing an effectiveness revolution in environmental management

The environmental movement of the 20(th) century has evolved into a large, diverse and well-financed global community that is increasingly required to prove its worth. Though the environmental sector collects and uses data to determine the status of ecological and social systems, the effectiveness of the programs and policies it uses to affect this status remains largely untested. As governments and donor institutions insist on greater transparency, accountability and evidence of what works and what does not, much is being learned from other fields (e.g. health services, education, international development) and increasingly sophisticated approaches are emerging to manage effectiveness. For example, program evaluation, adaptive management, and systematic review provide frameworks and methods to collect and use information to measure and improve performance. However, the critical data and collaborations necessary for an effectiveness revolution are marginalized by technical, cultural and political obstacles. Learning from other fields, the environmental sector must exploit key leverage points, such as flows of information and self-organization, to overcome impediments and create incentives to initiate and realize an era of effectiveness in environmental management.     

Contrasting Global Trends in Marine Fishery Status Obtained from Catches and from Stock Assessments

Abstract: There are differences in perception of the status of fisheries around the world that may partly stem from how data on trends in catches over time have been used. On the basis of catch trends, it has been suggested that about 70% of all stocks are overexploited due to unsustainable harvesting and 30% of all stocks have collapsed to <10% of unfished levels. Catch trends also suggest that over time an increasing number of stocks will be overexploited and collapsed. We evaluated how use of catch data affects assessment of fisheries stock status. We analyzed simulated random catch data with no trend. We examined well‐studied stocks classified as collapsed on the basis of catch data to determine whether these stocks actually were collapsed. We also used stock assessments to compare stock status derived from catch data with status derived from biomass data. Status of stocks derived from catch trends was almost identical to what one would expect if catches were randomly generated with no trend. Most classifications of collapse assigned on the basis of catch data were due to taxonomic reclassification, regulatory changes in fisheries, and market changes. In our comparison of biomass data with catch trends, catch trends overestimated the percentage of overexploited and collapsed stocks. Although our biomass data were primarily from industrial fisheries in developed countries, the status of these stocks estimated from catch data was similar to the status of stocks in the rest of the world estimated from catch data. We conclude that at present 28–33% of all stocks are overexploited and 7–13% of all stocks are collapsed. Additionally, the proportion of fished stocks that are overexploited or collapsed has been fairly stable in recent years.     

Anammox in a UASB reactor treating saline wastewater

The feasibility of an anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) bioreactor to treat ammonium-rich brines was investigated in batch and continuous-flow experiments. The evidence from batch tests indicated that the anammox activity was significantly inhibited under highly saline conditions while the inhibition was reversible. Saline shock loading of 30 g NaCl l⁻¹ caused a 67.5% decrease in specific anammox activity (SAA) compared to reference biomass (not exposed to salt). However, the acclimatized biomass displayed a SAA value just 45.1% lower than that of the reference biomass. When transferred from brine to freshwater, the salt-exposed biomass resumed its activity by 43.1%. Subsequent to appropriate acclimatization, careful manipulation nitrite concentration, nitrogen loading rate (NLR), and other operational parameters for 77 days, the results of continuous-flow experiment revealed that under the salinity of 30 g NaCl l⁻¹ the reactor performed well and the substrate removal capacity (nitrogen removal rate, NRR, of 448 ± 15 mgl⁻¹ d⁻¹) was comparable to the condition of freshwater (NRR of 464 ± 13 mgl⁻¹ d⁻¹). However, the anammox UASB bioreactor was prone to malfunction under transient operating conditions.     

环境监测站激励机制探讨

简述了建立公平合理激励机制的重要性,指出了地市级环境监测单位激励机制存在的问题.提出构建合理有效的员工激励机制,优化配置员工,实行任职激励;以岗定薪、全面完善薪酬体系,实行分配激励;完善绩效考核制度,配合薪酬制度改革;正确构建评价机制,实行评估激励;建立科学培训机制,实行培训激励;推进文化建设,实行环境激励.     

基于冗余分析的城市河湖水污染成因及尺度效应

以武汉中心城区的东沙湖流域为研究对象,以7项下垫面及3项降雨因子为影响因子,以18项河湖水环境因子为响应变量,基于冗余分析研究多尺度下两者之间的关系.结果表明：在所研究的10项影响因子中,硬质铺装面积率和河网水面率是东沙湖流域城市河湖水环境的主要影响因子,贡献率达0.703和0.652,城市道路面积率则是3000m及以外缓冲区尺度下的主要影响因子,贡献率达0.796,降雨的空间分布不是主要影响因子,贡献率低于0.371;影响因子对水环境影响的尺度效应与排水管网的有无和水文汇水单元尺度的大小密切相关;东沙湖流域的河湖水污染可归因于以硬质铺装为代表的不透水面上的面源污染和经由排水管网运移排放的点源污染,河网水面率则是改善水环境的关键因素.