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Per Kudsk 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(1):49-55
Public concern of possible effects of pesticides on human health and the environment has lead to an increased pressure on
farmers to optimise their use of pesticides. Reducing pesticide doses below the recommended doses whenever possible is a straightforward
approach to reduce the risk of adverse side effects. To adopt this approach decision-making has to be improved. The parameters
to consider optimising herbicide doses are: weed flora and growth stage, crop competitiveness, climatic conditions, application
technique, formulation/adjuvant and combination with other pesticides. In Denmark this information is provided to farmers
through the decision support system ‹Plant Protection Online’. Based on input on weed species and densities, climatic conditions,
soil type, crop cultivar and expected yield ‹Plant Protection Online’ will provide farmers with optimum herbicide solution
usually with doses lower than standard recommended doses. 相似文献
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Maryline Pflieger Anne Monod Henri Wortham 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(35):5597-5603
To better understand the atmospheric behaviour of pesticides, heterogeneous ozonolysis of three herbicides (alachlor, terbuthylazine and trifluralin) adsorbed on silica particles were performed in a flow reactor. The experimental setup used in this study and previously validated (Pflieger et al., 2009) has been specially developed to investigate extremely slow reactivity. The pesticides were adsorbed on particles using a gas/solid adsorption equilibrium, in order to simulate atmospheric conditions. After exposure to ozone concentrations ranging from 5 to 41 ppm during 90 min to 6 h, the kinetics were calculated by comparing the initial and the remaining amounts of pesticides adsorbed on silica particles. This work offers the first results of heterogeneous ozonolysis of alachlor and trifluralin adsorbed on mineral particles. Although alachlor and terbuthylazine were expected to react with ozone, no degradation was observed which leads to a lifetime higher than 8 months towards ozonolysis (for 40 ppb of O3). A significant degradation of trifluralin adsorbed on silica particles by heterogeneous ozonolysis was observed. The experimental data could be fit by both the Langmuir–Rideal and the Langmuir–Hinshelwood models resulting in atmospheric lifetimes (towards heterogeneous ozonolysis) of 40 and 32 days respectively (for 40 ppb of O3). These results are discussed and compared to other studies. 相似文献
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This study estimated the potential effects of pesticide drift on terrestrial ecosystems outside target areas, for the Dutch situation. A series of field trials was conducted to estimate the effects of drift on different species groups at different distances from a treated plot for different categories of pesticide: herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. Measurements of the pesticide drift deposition resulting from standard agricultural practice were used to model deposition outside the treated area. These data were then combined with national statistics on cropland and pesticide use to assess the ecological effects of pesticide drift for the Netherlands as a whole. Three scenarios were considered: the recent past (1998), the present (2005) and an optimised scenario based on 'best available practice' (2010). In the recent past the impact of herbicide drift on sensitive life stages non-target vascular plants is estimated to have exceeded the 50% effect level on 59% of adjacent linear landscape elements such as ditch banks and hedgerows. For the impact of insecticides and fungicides on non-target insects and fungi this 50% effect figure was 29% and 28% of linear elements, respectively. In the present situation, with (narrow) unsprayed buffer zones and other measures in place, these percentages are down to 41% for herbicides, 21% for insecticides and 14% for fungicides. In the optimised scenario, with a greater buffer width of 2.25m for potatoes (compared to 1.50m in 2005) and 1m for other crops (compared to 0.25 and 0.5m in 2005) and 'best available practice', these percentages can be cut to zero. In natural areas located within farming regions the 10% effect level can be reduced from 31% of such areas (1998) to 0% under conditions of 'best available practice'. 相似文献
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为了观察森林生态系统转变为农业生态系统后土壤有机碳的变化,选择贵州喀斯特森林区为研究对象,采集了林地和邻近的玉米地土壤剖面样品,并按土壤密度把土壤样品分级成轻质部分和重质部分。林地和玉米地土壤均为石灰土。玉米地土壤风化相对较强,淋溶严重而贫瘠,并且所返还的植物残留物数量很少。实验结果表明,林地土壤轻质部分的(13C值明显低于重质部分,而玉米地土壤轻质部分的(13C值明显高于重质部分,说明植物残留物首先进入到轻质部分。然而,由于当地的耕作习惯,输入到玉米地土壤轻质部分的玉米残留物的数量很少,只有48%,这是初级生产力低下的主要原因。 相似文献
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