北京公园水体中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的测定及其分布特征

为了正确评估北京市公园水体受PAEs污染的程度,采集了北京11个公园湖水的水样,采用固相萃取-气相色谱联用技术检测了其中六种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)的含量,该方法加标回收率在73%～89.3%,RSD为5.9%～18.1%,检出限在0.40～4.58mg/L。实验结果为北京公园水体中总PAEs浓度在6.4～138.1μg/L,平均值为27.9μg/L,证明北京公园水体受到不同程度的PAEs污染,主要的污染物为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP),其中东南部以及西北部的公园污染较严重。分析了PAEs在公园湖水底泥中和水体中的分布特征,结果显示,PAEs在湖水底泥中的含量明显大于在水体中的含量。     

土壤中酞酸酯类化合物监测方法的质量控制研究

从监测结果控制的角度对近10年的土壤中PAEs监测方法进行了探讨,重点比较了索氏萃取柱净化GC/MS、微波萃取柱净化GC、加速溶剂萃取柱净化GC/MS和加速溶剂萃取GPCGC/MS方法的检出限、精密度和准确度。旨在为中国土壤监测方法的建立提供基础支撑,为开展质量控制工作提供评价依据。     

空气与废气中的正丁烷、丁酮、醋酸异丙酯的快速测定法

采用活性炭吸附，二硫化碳解析，毛细管气相色谱法同时测定空气与废气中的正丁烷、丁酮、醋酸异丙酯，采样体积以45L计，方法最低检出限分别为：正丁烷0．002mg／m^3，丁酮0.0024mg／m^3，醋酸异丙酯0．0028mg／m^3。     

高选择性手性酯酶产生菌的筛选及应用

从土壤中分离得到230株产酯酶菌株，经反复筛选，从中挑选出一株酶活及选择性均较高的菌株YQ231，该菌株所产酯酶能将外消旋的酯水解为手性醇（环戊烯酮），且该酶优先水解（R）-型酯。经生理生化试验鉴定，该细菌为不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter sp.）。研究了该菌株的产酶过程，结果表明：酶活在24h达最高值。同时研究了该菌株的催化特性，在反应12h时其转化率达48.8％，eep为92.3％，ees为70.3％。图3表2参9     

水体表面微层中酞酸酯的光降解研究

研究了水体表面微层中酞酸酯化合物光降解的动力学,指出光催化降解符合一级动力学过程,实验证明：催化剂ＴｉＯ２为２ｇ．ｌ＾－１,ｐＨ为６,并有Ｈ２Ｏ２存在时,是ＤＢＰ,ＤＥＨＰ光降解的最佳条件,溶解氧增加有利于光降解,实际表面微层水样的光催化降解速率比模拟水样快。     

Phylogenetic,ecological, and ontogenetic factors influencing the biochemical structure of the blubber of odontocetes

To explore ecological, phylogenetic, and developmental factors affecting the structure of blubber in Odontocetes (toothed whales), lipid composition of this specialized adipose tissue was determined in 260 specimens (30 species representing all families except the river dolphins), most of which were collected between 1995 and 2005, from all over the world. In most odontocetes, blubber contained primarily triacylglycerols; the blubber of beaked and sperm whales was dominated by wax esters (WE), exhibiting ontogenetic patterns of deposition. WEs may represent an adaptation to deep diving for marine mammals that do not rely on blubber for stored energy. Fatty acid (FA) composition was stratified through blubber depth, with higher concentrations of dietary FA in the inner and endogenous FA in the outer layers of the blubber. Stratification can be considered a characteristic feature of odontocetes, and is likely the result of differential metabolism through the blubber. Small body size appears to constrain blubber lipid content to be high. Thermal habitat also represents an important selective pressure for blubber composition. Species inhabiting colder waters exhibited both higher lipid content and increased FA stratification in blubber, compared to species from warm/tropical habitats. The isolation of mobilization to inner blubber may permit metabolic enzymes to function without limitation by lower temperatures. The variation in composition and distribution of blubber lipids in odontocetes suggests that different species may have evolved slightly diverse arrays of secondary functions for this specialized tissue as adaptations for specific ecological niches. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Sequestration of phorbol esters by aposematic larvae of Hyles euphorbiae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)?

Summary. The larvae of the hawkmoth species Hyles euphorbiae have a conspicuous aposematic colouration and show gregarious behaviour. It has thus been suggested that they sequester phorbol esters from their food plants which include different species of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) for chemical protection against predators. To test this hypothesis in more detail, we fed larvae an artificial diet with three doses of 12-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), then examined the faeces and the larval tissues, such as integument, haemolymph and gut of the caterpillars for the presence of TPA. In order to determine the ability of the larvae to detoxify phorbol esters, other larvae were directly injected with a TPA solution and analysed in the same manner. Our study indicates that the larvae of Hyles euphorbiae do not sequester phorbol esters. Upon oral application TPA was not found in the larval integument or the haemolymph. Instead, it was mostly metabolised (about 70–90%). Nevertheless, about 10-30% were retained and recovered in the faeces. The larvae were also able to metabolise and thus detoxify the phorbol ester when TPA was injected directly into the body. These hawkmoth caterpillars are relatively large and have a gut full of plant material, which they regurgitate into the direction of the predator when attacked in nature. Since phorbol esters are very potent toxins and irritants, we postulate that the gut content (and especially the plant slurry disgorged as regurgitant from the anterior gut) alone could be aversive for a potential predator, even if some metabolism has taken place. Thus, although H. euphorbiae caterpillars do not actively sequester phorbol esters, their aposematic colouration appears to be based on chemical defence through phorbol esters retained in the gut.     

Occupational exposure assessment of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor microenvironments

Phthalate esters(PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in consumer products. PAEs are a group of environmental hormone which disrupts human and animals' endocrine systems. Different occupational groups are exposed to various levels of PAEs. In the present study, four typical occupational groups were chosen, including doctors, college teachers, college students, and drivers who worked in public traffic system. In order to understand the exposure levels to PAEs via inhalation, air samples were collected from multiple microenvironments including indoor and outdoor in Hangzhou to measure the gas and particle concentrations of six PAEs, together with time spent in different microenvironments of these four groups. A comprehensive PAEs exposure model was built to estimate the daily PAEs exposure through inhalation, oral and dermal pathways. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that doctors were exposed to the highest level of PAEs, and consequently had the highest health risk among these four occupational groups. In contrast, college students had the lowest health risk. By setting the exposure level of staying in residences as the baseline, doctors and drivers were two occupations exposed to high PAEs health risk. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) was the largest contributor among the six phthalates, posing moderate health risk(10-5–10-6) to every occupation. For traffic microenvironments alone, the total exposure levels for different transportation modes were in the descending order of busses, cars, cabs, tubes, motor bikes, and walking.     

印钞行业废水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物残留分析

建立了以HLB固相萃取柱和反相液相色谱法测定水体中8种邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素的方法,同时对印钞行业废水中邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素进行了测定,检出邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)一种邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素。使用标准保留时间定性及实际水样加标定性两种定性方法,对实验结果进行了质量控制。结果表明,这两种定性方法所得结论完全一致,证明数据准确可信。     

光照和营养盐对DBP在海河河口水中生物降解的影响

采集渤海海河河口水,在实验室受控条件下,研究了营养盐和光照条件对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)生物降解的影响。实验结果表明:DBP在海河河口水中的生物降解符合一级动力学,微生物降解占总去除率的99%左右,微生物降解是DBP降解的主要途径。高营养水平时,DBP在光照、光暗条件下的生物降解速率常数分别为0.32d-1和0.41d-1;低营养水平时,DBP在光照、光暗条件下的生物降解速率常数分别为0.17d-1和0.20d-1。高营养条件下较高的微生物总量使DBP的生物降解速率明显大于相对低营养条件下的降解速率;在相同的营养条件下,光照能够改变水体中藻、菌的微生态结构,从而延迟DBP的降解。