Persistence of C-labeled atrazine and its residues in a field lysimeter soil after 22 years

Twenty-two years after the last application of ring-¹⁴C-labeled atrazine at customary rate (1.7 kg ha⁻¹) on an agriculturally used outdoor lysimeter, atrazine is still detectable by means of accelerated solvent extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis. Extractions of the 0-10 cm soil layer yielded 60% of the residual ¹⁴C-activity. The extracts contained atrazine (1.0 μg kg⁻¹) and 2-hydroxy-atrazine (42.5 μg kg⁻¹). Extractions of the material of the lowest layer 55-60 cm consisting of fine gravel yielded 93% of residual ¹⁴C-activity, of which 3.4 μg kg⁻¹ was detected as atrazine and 17.7 μg kg⁻¹ was 2-hydroxy-atrazine. The detection of atrazine in the lowest layer was of almost four times higher mass than in the upper soil layer. These findings highlight the fact that atrazine is unexpectedly persistent in soil. The overall persistence of atrazine in the environment might represent a potential risk for successive groundwater contamination by leaching even after 22 years of environmental exposure.     

Photocatalytic degradation with immobilised TiO(2) of three selected neonicotinoid insecticides: imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin

This research focused on photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin employing a tailor-made photoreactor with six polychromatic fluorescent UVA (broad maximum at 355 nm) lamps and immobilised titanium dioxide (TiO₂) on glass slides. The disappearance was followed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) analyses, wherein the efficiency of mineralization was monitored by measurements of total organic carbon (TOC). Within 2 h of photocatalysis, all three neonicotinoids were degraded following first order kinetics with rate constants k = 0.035 ± 0.001 min⁻¹ for imidacloprid, k = 0.019 ± 0.001 min⁻¹ for thiamethoxam and k = 0.021 ± 0.000 min⁻¹ for clothianidin. However, the rate of mineralization was low, i.e. 19.1 ± 0.2% for imidacloprid, 14.4 ± 2.9% for thiamethoxam and 14.1 ± 0.4% for clothianidin. This indicates that several transformation products were formed instead. Some of them were observed within HPLC-DAD analyses and structures were proposed according to the liquid chromatography-electro spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The formation of clothianidin, as thiamethoxam transformation product, was reported for the first time.     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

超声萃取GC/MS法测定电子电气产品中12种邻苯二甲酸酯的含量

建立了超声萃取GC/MS法测定电子电气产品中12种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的方法。结果表明:该方法简单快速,灵敏度高,相对标准偏差小于10%,加标回收率为86%~109%;样品处理过程中采用化学毒性小的乙酸乙酯作为萃取溶剂,绿色环保。经过对多批次的各种电子电气产品中12种邻苯二甲酸酯分析测定,均得到满意结果。     

吹扫捕集- GC/MS法测定水中卤代烃的质量控制指标研究

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用法,通过实际样品测试及全国多家实验室测定数据统计两种方法,针对水中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、溴仿、二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,1-二氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯等8种卤代烃的平行样测定相对偏差、空白加标回收率及实际样品加标回收率等3个指标,研究了每种卤代烃的质控指标评价标准,提出其平行样测定...     

水中微囊藻毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立测定水体中微囊藻毒素(MCYST)的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法.水样通过固相萃取富集净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定,6min内完成3种MCYST的分离及检测.MCYST-LR、MCYST-RR、MCYST-YR检出限分别为3.5、2.5、5.0ng/L,回收率为85.6％～107.9％,为水质微囊藻毒素监测提供了一种快速、准确、灵敏的分析方法.     

半干旱草原地—气温室气体交换速率测定

重点介绍采用静态箱－气相色谱法测定低交换速率的半干旱草原地－气间温室气体交换速率的采样分析系统的配置及操作，将静态采样箱置于采样点，用５０ｃｍ＾３或１００ｃｍ＾３的塑料注射器现场取样，转存于气袋中并送到实验室分析，用改进了进样系统并装有ＦＩＤ和ＥＣＤ的气相色谱仪（ＧＣ）分析其中的ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２和Ｎ２Ｏ浓度，计算出地－气痕量温室气体的交换速率云南人蒙古羊草草原、草甸草原Ｎ２Ｏ、ＣＯ２和ＣＨ４交换速率     

毛细管GC-FID测定海洋环境样品中多环芳烃的方法研究

建立了毛细管GC -FID测定海洋环境样品中多环芳烃的方法。用二阶程序升温分离PAHs,保留指数定性 ,内标法定量 ,得出了方法回收率 (6 0 %～ 10 0 % )和仪器检出限。结果表明 ,本法可用于海洋环境样品中多环芳烃的测定。     

超声波萃取-GC/MS法测定橡胶轮胎中的多环芳烃

建立了超声波萃取-气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用测定轮胎制品中多环芳(PAHs)的分析方法.优化了超声波萃取条件,采用MS的选择离子检测方式对PAHs进行定性定量分析.结果表明,16种PAHs的平均加标回收率为75.4%～88.0%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为0.66%～11.90%,方法检出限在1.0～4.0 ng/mL.     

大气VOCs快速测定及其在环境空气污染应急溯源中的初步应用

突发性大气环境污染事件处于高发期,针对环境应急监测时效性强的特点,用便携式GC-MS快速测定大气中23种VOCs,探讨大气中VOCs测定在环境空气污染应急溯源中的应用。该方法在20.0μg/m3~3 200μg/m3范围内线性良好,按采样1 L计算,方法检出限为2.6μg/m3~9.4μg/m3,加标回收率为91.3%~103%,测定结果的RSD≤10.5%。将该方法用于突发性环境污染应急事件大气中VOCs的快速测定,通过对照企业特征污染物名录,能快速锁定污染源头。