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81.
William W. Walker 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(4):671-685
ABSTRACT: The State of Florida (1994) has adopted a plan for addressing Everglades eutrophication problems by reducing anthropogenic phosphorus loads. The plan involves implementation of Best Management Practices in agricultural watersheds and construction of regional treatment marshes (Stormwater Treatment Areas or STA's). This paper describes the development, testing, and application of a mass-balance model for sizing STA's to achieve treatment objectives. The model is calibrated and tested against peat and water-column data collected in Water Conservation Area-2A (WCA-2A), where phosphorus dynamics and eutrophication impacts have been intensively studied. The 26-year-average rate of phosphorus accretion in peat is shown to be proportional to average water-column phosphorus concentration, with a proportionality constant of 10.2 m/yr (90 percent Confidence Interval = 8.9 to 11.6 m/yr). Spatial and temporal variations in marsh water-column data suggest that drought-induced recycling of phosphorus was important during periods of low stage in WCA-2A. Maintaining wet conditions will be important to promote phosphorus removal in STA's. Sensitivity analysis of STA performance is conducted over the range of uncertainty in model parameter estimates to assess the adequacy of the model as a basis for STA design. 相似文献
82.
John Houlahan W. Andrew. Marcus Adel Shirmohammadi 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(3):553-567
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of an investigation of the effects of the Maryland Critical Area Act on generation of non-point source loads of phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment to the Rhode River estuary. The Simple Method model, the Marcus and Kearney regression model, and the CREAMS model were used to estimate annual loads under: (1) present conditions, (2) maximum land use development allowable under the Act, and (3) two sets of future land use conditions that might occur if the Act were not in place. Results indicate that the Critical Area Act can reduce the present generation of nonpoint nutrient and sediment loadings 20–30 percent from the regulated area. These reductions can occur while preserving agricultural lands and allowing limited residential and urban development. The decrease in nutrient loadings is primarily dependent upon implementation and enforcement of agricultural best management practices (BMPs). The BMPs could reduce present agricultural nutrient loadings by 90 percent to a level comparable to loadings from residential areas. The estimated effectiveness of the Critical Area Act is even greater when compared to potential future nutrient loadings if development in the area remains unregulated. Unrestricted residential and urban development could increase nutrient loadings by 200 percent to 1000 percent as compared to controlled development under Critical Area Act guidelines. The Critical Area Act primarily prevents these future increases by severely limiting woodland cutting, with lesser results obtained by requiring urban BMPs. 相似文献
83.
为揭示黄河流域城市饮用水水源地土壤重金属的污染特征及其污染来源,选择黄河兰州段城市饮用水水源地土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb的含量特征.采用地累积指数法、污染因子指数法、污染负荷指数法和改进内梅罗综合污染指数法系统量化了有毒有害元素的污染程度,并联合应用相关性-聚类分析、正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型和绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)模型定量解析有毒有害元素污染来源及其贡献率.结果表明:①兰州城市饮用水源地土壤呈碱性,土壤有毒有害元素除Cr之外,其余As、Cd、Hg和Pb元素含量均值均高于甘肃省土壤背景值,其中Hg和Pb的空间分布差异性大,受人类活动影响较强. ②水源地土壤总体上为轻度污染,Hg是水源地土壤污染的首要污染物,As和Pb元素存在一定的局部污染,Cd和Cr整体上无污染. ③水源地土壤有毒有害元素的富集受工业源、交通源、燃煤源和自然源的复合影响.PMF模型识别出了41.40%的工业-交通源、32.92%的燃煤源和25.68%的自然-工业源,APCS-MLR模型辨识出了36.36%的工业-交通源、22.32%的燃煤-工业源和41.31%的自然源.研究结果可为保障兰州城区水源地土壤健康和饮用水安全提供科学依据. 相似文献
84.
苏静 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2016,(3):51-55
大连市酸雨的来源受外来地区输送的影响较大,利用CMAQ模型对大连市酸性物质的沉降进行定量模拟分析。结果表明,大连市本地源排放对空气质量的影响较大,但对酸性物质的沉降影响较小,对硫和氮的湿沉降的贡献仅在10%~20%之间。外来源中,山东污染物排放对大连市湿沉降的贡献占30%~40%,而辽宁其他区域的贡献仅10%左右。另外,在雨季5~8月,日本、朝鲜和韩国等境外污染物排放对大连市和周边地区湿沉降的贡献也不容忽视。 相似文献
85.
水土流失是吸附态氮磷污染输出的主要方式,也是面源污染评估的重要环节。以东江湖流域为主要研究区域,采用土壤侵蚀经验模型和氮磷污染负荷经验模型对研究区的吸附态氮磷污染负荷进行了估算,重点提取并分析了耕地面源污染负荷,并划分出农业面源污染重点控制区,为流域农业面源的氮磷流失防治提供理论依据。结果表明,东江湖流域农业面源污染土壤侵蚀总量为144.7万t,吸附态氮磷的流失总量分别为2 658.3和504.1 t,其中旱地吸附态氮磷流失风险高于水田;由化肥施用而产生的吸附态氮磷流失量分别为1 561.9和215.4 t,分别占耕地吸附态氮磷流失总量的58.8%和42.7%;东江湖流域农业面源污染防治的主要区域包括沤江区、浙水区以及主要河流入湖的环湖区。 相似文献
86.
北山地区大气降水中水化学及稳定同位素特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为揭示甘肃北山地区大气降水的水化学及同位素特征,利用2012~2019年度采集的97件大气降水样品,采用相关性分析,富集因子,气团后向轨迹分析等多种方法对北山地区稳定同位素变化特征及其影响因素,降水中主要离子变化特征,不同离子来源及贡献,水汽来源进行了分析.结果表明,北山地区区域降水线的斜率与截距均高于张掖地区大气降水线;该区降水中稳定同位素比率明显受季节性,温度和高程效应的影响,在年尺度下,降雨量效应不明显;该区降水中氘盈余变化较大,雨季降水中氘盈余显著小于旱季降水中氘盈余值;北山地区大气降水的水化学型主要为HCO3·SO4-Ca和HCO3-Ca型,降水中离子浓度具有明显的季节性变化,降雨量的增加对离子浓度具有一定的稀释作用;Na+受海源和陆源物质的双重影响;绝大部分的Ca2+,K+,HCO3-和部分Mg2+来源于陆源,SO42-与NO3-的主要来自于人类活动输入;区内冬夏季水汽来源基本一致,来源于西北方向的季风源是北山地区最主要的水汽来源.研究成果可为我国高放废物地质处置库选址和性能评价以及未来地下处置库建设提供依据,也有助于丰富西北干旱区的水文循环过程研究. 相似文献
87.
本研究采用美国农业部农业研究所开发的SWAT模型(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)对茫溪河流域非点源污染进行了模拟研究,构建了适用于茫溪河流域的非点源污染模型,对流域的非点源污染进行了模拟和分析。模拟结果显示:茫溪河流域污染特征以非点源污染为主;东茫溪河水系的泥沙、氮、磷等负荷均大于西茫溪河水系;单位泥沙负荷最大的区域为流域东北部、东部和东南部一带的深丘地区,是茫溪河流域的主要泥沙输出区;氮、磷负荷最大的区域为茫溪河中下游一带的平坝、浅丘地区,是茫溪河流域的主要氮、磷输出区;研究区内泥沙、营养物质的输出具有很强的时间规律,有机氮、有机磷的输出在雨季(6月~9月)会出现高峰,因此雨季是流域内非点源污染源输出的重点时段。 相似文献
88.
河流是抗生素的重要“源”与“汇”,然而目前有关河流中抗生素的研究多集中在南方地区,对水资源匮乏的中国西北内陆河流研究相对较少. 针对中国西北一典型内陆河(Y)及其支流地表水(P)中抗生素污染状况,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)对5类39种抗生素进行浓度检测,并使用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型对抗生素污染来源进行分析,评估Y河及其支流P河抗生素生态风险. 结果显示,磺胺邻二甲氧嘧啶(SDX)是主要污染物(浓度平均值为3 734.87 ng·L-1),检出率为100%,浓度最大值达到30 120.38 ng·L-1. 其他抗生素如土霉素(OXY)和磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)等也有检出(17.02~71.32 ng·L-1). 通过PMF源解析,发现Y河抗生素污染主要来自于水产养殖和生活污水. 生态风险评估显示,SDX在Y河及其支流P河多个点位存在高生态风险和抗生素耐药性发展风险,需要引起关注. OXY具有低生态风险和中耐药性发展风险,SMM具有低生态风险,其他抗生素对生态环境不构成风险. 研究结果可为西北内陆地区的抗生素污染防治与风险管控提供理论依据. 相似文献
89.
Wayne W. Lapham Michael J. Moran John S. Zogorski 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(6):1321-1334
ABSTRACT: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has compiled a national retrospective data set of analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water of the United States. The data are from Federal, State, and local nonpoint‐source monitoring programs, collected between 1985–95. This data set is being used to augment data collected by the USGS National Water‐Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to ascertain the occurrence of VOCs in ground water nationwide. Eleven attributes of the retrospective data set were evaluated to determine the suitability of the data to augment NAWQA data in answering occurrence questions of varying complexity. These 11 attributes are the VOC analyte list and the associated reporting levels for each VOC, well type, well‐casing material, type of openings in the interval (screened interval or open hole), well depth, depth to the top and bottom of the open interval(s), depth to water level in the well, aquifer type (confined or unconfined), and aquifer lithology. VOCs frequently analyzed included solvents, industrial reagents, and refrigerants, but other VOCs of current interest were not frequently analyzed. About 70 percent of the sampled wells have the type of well documented in the data set, and about 74 percent have well depth documented. However, the data set generally lacks documentation of other characteristics, such as well‐casing material, information about the screened or open interval(s), depth to water level in the well, and aquifer type and lithology. For example, only about 20 percent of the wells include information on depth to water level in the well and only about 14 percent of the wells include information about aquifer type. The three most important enhancements to VOC data collected in nonpoint‐source monitoring programs for use in a national assessment of VOC occurrence in ground water would be an expanded VOC analyte list, recording the reporting level for each analyte for every analysis, and recording key ancillary information about each well. These enhancements would greatly increase the usefulness of VOC data in addressing complex occurrence questions, such as those that seek to explain the reasons for VOC occurrence and nonoccurrence in ground water of the United States. 相似文献
90.