硫酸盐废水生物脱硫研究进展

含硫酸盐废水的污染是一个全球性的问题。生物脱硫技术处理该类废水具有投资少、成本低、去除率高,无二次污染等优点,而成为废水处理技术的前沿课题。文章简要介绍了生物脱硫技术的基本原理;描述了废水脱硫微生物种类及其影响因素;重点阐述了国内外硫酸盐废水生物脱硫工艺的沿革和最新进展,并在此基础上,提出了酸酸盐废水生物脱硫技术的发展前景。     

漂白粉用于治理石化企业硫化氢恶臭气体的研究

实验采用填料吸收塔对漂白粉用于石化企业硫化氢恶臭的治理进行了初步研究,系统研究了漂白粉投加量、硫化氢浓度、进气流量、吸收氧化温度、液气比等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明：室温下,漂白粉投加量为0．2g／100mL,液气比20L／m^3,进气浓度控制在7800mg／m^3以内,调整适宜的进气量,对硫化氢恶臭的去除率可以达到99％以上。漂白粉吸收氧化硫化氢恶臭气体不仅技术可行,而且费用低廉,操作方便,可以进行深入的研究,进行工业化放大。     

FeS自养反硝化与厌氧氨氧化的耦合脱氮机制

微生物的功能多样性对元素价态的转换存在协同作用是自然界关键的生态调节策略,充分利用这种策略,实现不同微生物的功能组合,可以发展废水处理新工艺.本文以静态批次实验的含氮污染物作为研究对象,把Fe S投加量、NO_3~--N/NO_2~--N比值、厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX,AN)和自养反硝化(AD)生物量之比作为反应控制条件,讨论了AN与AD之间代谢产物互补的合作机制,提出了(AN+AD)_(TN→0)脱氮工艺的概念.研究发现过量的Fe S投加在保证AD过程的彻底性之外,并不显著影响AN菌的代谢活性;提高NO_2~--N在电子受体中的比例,会使微生物复合群落处于代谢底物竞争关系之中,对TN的去除产生负面影响; AN生物量的增加加深了复合群落的合作程度,当初始NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N的化学计量比小于0. 85时,可以实现TN浓度趋零.结果表明,通过认识微生物之间的交互作用,寻求复杂微生物群落功能的规划或调控,可以设计出更加合理的废水处理工艺,达到低物耗投入条件下目标污染物的高效去除.     

国内外含硫气田应急预案编制对比分析研究

含硫气田井喷事故严重威胁着公众生命和财产安全,成为制约含硫气田开发的重要因素。本文对比国内外在含硫气田应急预案编制方面的先进理念和技术,分析我国在含硫气田应急预案编制工作中仍然存在的问题,针对我国实际情况,提出加强含硫气田应急预案科学性、合理性、可操作性和针对性方面的具体建议和对策措施。     

含硫油气井井控技术及管理方法

伴随着石油工业的发展,井喷、井控不可避免。为防止溢流、井喷,企业、政府投入了大量的人力、物力、财力,成果显著。但同时也产生了一些副作用,过量投资,资源浪费,地层严重污染,含硫油气井更是如此。基于含硫油气井钻完井的特点,制定了含硫油气井井控工作原则,研究了包含防爆、保证防喷器可靠、保证节流放喷相关装置可靠、保证压井相关装置可靠及保证井眼力学完整在内的含硫油气井严格防止井喷失控技术,选用合适的压井方法避免发生井喷技术,简化关井操作程序及修改钻井液密度附加值来全面限制防溢流的技术及其相应的管理方法。对含硫油气井科学、安全、高效的进行井控工作提供了理论指导,对于含硫油气井的开发具有重要的意义。     

内源H2S生理学作用的研究进展

近年来,内源H2S的生理学作用已经逐渐被认识,被认为是继NO和CO后的第三类气体信号分子,其在生物体内的浓度水平与多种疾病相关.本文综述了近五年来内源H2S生理学作用的研究进展.     

亚硝酸盐型同步脱氮除硫工艺单质硫产率及特性

采用SBR同步脱氮除硫反应器,设置了化学对照组（灭菌,不添加污泥）和生物试验组（添加污泥）,以期研究亚硝酸盐型同步脱氮除硫工艺中S⁰的产率以及特性.发现化学对照组中NO₂^--N和S^2--S的去除率最高可分别达到25.07%和62.26%,其主要产物为NH₄⁺-N和S₂SO₃^2--S,并无S⁰生成.而在生物试验组中,NO₂^--N和S^2--S的去除率可分别高达100%和99.94%,在适宜浓度范围内（60~180mg/L）,出水主要产物为S⁰-S和N₂.当进水S^2--S为180mg/L时,S⁰-S产率可高达79.58%.所产生的S⁰以斜方硫（S₈）形式存在,表面带负电荷,粒径呈正态分布.     

铁硫化物对高砷地下水中As(Ⅲ)的去除效果研究

高砷地下水具有极高的毒性,人类长期饮用高砷地下水可造成砷中毒。在查明山阴地区高砷地下水污染特征的基础上,将室内批试验与PHREEQC软件数值模拟相结合,考察了投料比、pH值对铁硫化物除砷效果的影响,为原位修复高砷地下水工艺确定了最佳条件。结果表明:山阴地区砷超标地下水样的pH值为7.6~8.5,总砷浓度为17~242μg/L;反应体系的投料比和pH值是影响铁硫化物除砷效果的关键因素;仅投加Na₂S对地下水中As(Ⅲ)的去除效果极差,提高FeCl₂相对于Na₂S的投加量能有效地增大铁硫化物除砷的效果;当pH=7、投料比c[FeCl₂∶Na₂S∶As(Ⅲ)]为24∶12∶1时,铁硫化物对地下水中总砷的去除率可达99.6%,反应后的地下水中砷浓度满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)的要求;与弱酸性条件相比,弱碱性环境更有利于铁硫化物除砷;PHREEQC软件数值模拟结果显示,试验条件的改变会影响砷硫化物和铁硫化物的饱和指数(SI),从而影响铁硫化物对地下水中砷的去除效果。     

Influence of extracellular polymeric substances from activated sludge on the aggregation kinetics of silver and silver sulfide nanoparticles

• The NPs aggregation in the electrolyte solution is consistent with the DLVO theory. • In NaNO₃ and low Ca(NO₃)₂, EPS alleviates the NPs aggregation by steric repulsion. • In high Ca(NO₃)₂, EPS accelerates the NPs aggregation by exopolysaccharide bridging. • Ag₂S NPs have stronger stability compared with Cit-Ag NPs in aqueous systems. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) could affect interactions between nanoparticles and alter their migration behavior. The influence mechanisms of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag₂S NPs) aggregated by active EPS sludge were studied in monovalent or divalent cation solutions. The aggregation behaviors of the NPs without EPS followed the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The counterions aggravated the aggregation of both NPs, and the divalent cation had a strong neutralizing effect due to the decrease in electrostatic repulsive force. Through extended DLVO (EDLVO) model analysis, in NaNO₃ and low-concentration Ca(NO₃)₂ (<10 mmol/L) solutions, EPS could alleviate the aggregation behaviors of Cit-Ag NPs and Ag₂S NPs due to the enhancement of steric repulsive forces. At high concentrations of Ca(NO₃)₂ (10‒100 mmol/L), exopolysaccharide macromolecules could promote the aggregation of Cit-Ag NPs and Ag₂S NPs by interparticle bridging. As the final transformation form of Ag NPs in water environments, Ag₂S NPs had better stability, possibly due to their small van der Waals forces and their strong steric repulsive forces. It is essential to elucidate the surface mechanisms between EPS and NPs to understand the different fates of metal-based and metal-sulfide NPs in WWTP systems.     

Carbon sequestration in soils of SW-Germany as affected by agricultural management—Calibration of the EPIC model for regional simulations

Global emissions trading allows for agricultural measures to be accounted for the carbon sequestration in soils. The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model was tested for central European site conditions by means of agricultural extensification scenarios. Results of soil and management analyses of different management systems (cultivation with mouldboard plough, reduced tillage, and grassland/fallow establishment) on 13 representative sites in the German State Baden-Württemberg were used to calibrate the EPIC model. Calibration results were compared to those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) prognosis tool. The first calibration step included adjustments in (a) N depositions, (b) N₂-fixation by bacteria during fallow, and (c) nutrient content of organic fertilisers according to regional values. The mixing efficiency of implements used for reduced tillage and four crop parameters were adapted to site conditions as a second step of the iterative calibration process, which should optimise the agreement between measured and simulated humus changes. Thus, general rules were obtained for the calibration of EPIC for different criteria and regions. EPIC simulated an average increase of +0.341 Mg humus-C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ for on average 11.3 years of reduced tillage compared to land cultivated with mouldboard plough during the same time scale. Field measurements revealed an average increase of +0.343 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ and the IPCC prognosis tool +0.345 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹. EPIC simulated an average increase of +1.253 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ for on average 10.6 years of grassland/fallow establishment compared to an average increase of +1.342 Mg humus-C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ measured by field measurements and +1.254 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ according to the IPCC prognosis tool. The comparison of simulated and measured humus C stocks was r² ≥ 0.825 for all treatments. However, on some sites deviations between simulated and measured results were considerable. The result for the simulation of yields was similar. In 49% of the cases the simulated yields differed from the surveyed ones by more than 20%. Some explanations could be found by qualitative cause analyses. Yet, for quantitative analyses the available information from farmers was not sufficient. Altogether EPIC is able to represent the expected changes by reduced tillage or grassland/fallow establishment acceptably under central European site conditions of south-western Germany.