自然大气环境结构材料试验装置可行性研究

通过建立"腐蚀环境综合试验仓"、"温度、湿度、日照、淋雨综合试验仓"、"高原环境试验仓"三个大型试验仓,构建成可模拟我国不同地域大气环境,可针对大尺寸工程构件,系统开展环境适应性评价的实验装置.     

Valuation of natural capital under uncertain substitutability

Natural capital is complex to value notably because of the high uncertainties surrounding the substitutability of its future ecosystem services. We examine a Lucas economy in which a consumption good is produced by combining different inputs, one of them being an ecosystem service that is partially substitutable with other inputs. The growth rate of these inputs and the elasticity of substitution evolve in a stochastic way. We characterize the socially efficient ecological discount rates that should be used to value future ecosystem services at different time horizons. We show that the inverse of the elasticity of substitution can be interpreted as the CCAPM beta of natural capital. We also show that any increase in risk of this beta reduces the ecological discount rate. If our collective beliefs about the elasticity of substitution of ecosystem services are Gaussian, the ecological discount rates go to minus infinity for finite maturities. In that case, a marginal increase in natural capital has an infinite value. We provide a realistic calibration of the model that is coherent with observed asset prices by using the model of extreme events of Barro (2006). The bliss maturity for infinite discount factors is less than 100 years in this calibration.     

The endowment effect,discounting and the environment

There is a considerable body of evidence showing that our preferences exhibit both reference dependence and loss aversion, a.k.a. the endowment effect. In this paper, we consider the implications of the endowment effect for discounting, with a special focus on discounting future improvements in the environment. We show that the endowment effect modifies the discount rate via (i) an instantaneous endowment effect and (ii) a reference-updating effect. Moreover we show that these two effects often combine to dampen the preference to smooth consumption over time. What this implies for discounting future environmental benefits may then depend critically on whether environmental quality is merely a factor of production of material consumption, or whether it is an amenity. On an increasing path of material consumption, dampened consumption smoothing implies a lower discount rate. But on a declining path of environmental quality and where we derive utility directly from environmental quality, it implies a higher discount rate. On non-monotonic paths, loss aversion specifically can give rise to substantial discontinuities in the discount rate.     

Abatement of mixed volatile organic compounds in a catalytic hybrid surface/packed-bed discharge plasma reactor

In this study, post plasma-catalysis degradation of mixed volatile organic compounds (benzene, toluene, and xylene) has been performed in a hybrid surface/packed-bed discharge plasma reactor with Ag-Ce/g-Al₂O₃ catalyst at room temperature. The effect of relative air humidity on mixed VOCs degradation has also been investigated in both plasma-only and PPC systems. In comparison to the plasma-only system, a significant improvement can be observed in the degradation performance of mixed VOCs in PPC system with Ag-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. In PPC system, 68% benzene, 89% toluene, and 94% xylene were degraded at 800 J·L^–1, respectively, which were 25%, 11%, and 9% higher than those in plasma-only system. This result can be attributed to the high catalytic activity of Ag-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst to effectively decompose O₃ and lead to generating more reactive species which are capable of destructing the VOCs molecules completely. Moreover, the presence of Ag-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst in plasma significantly decreased the emission of discharge byproducts (NO_x and O₃) and promoted the mineralization of mixed VOCs towards CO₂. Adding a small amount of water vapor into PPC system enhanced the degradation efficiencies of mixed VOCs, however, further increasing water vapor had a negative impact on the degradation efficiencies, which was primarily attributed to the quenching of energetic electrons by water vapor in plasma and the competitive adsorption of water vapor on the catalyst surface. Meanwhile, the catalysts before and after discharge were characterized by the Brunauer-Emment-Teller and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

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内蒙古地区沙尘天气频率及其影响因素分析

基于内蒙古中西部地区45年（1961～2005年）的气象资料、沙尘暴资料,讨论内蒙古中西部地区沙尘暴频率变化趋势和气候动力因子对沙尘暴频率的影响。利用风速、降水量、蒸发量、相对湿度、大风日数等基本气象资料,建立新的影响沙尘天气的气候影响指数D模型,该模型不仅考虑影响沙尘暴的动力条件,而且也把影响沙尘暴发生的下垫面稳定情况纳入模型,所模拟的结果更趋近于现实。对各气象站计算的结果显示,气候影响指数D模型与沙尘天气频率有很好的线性关系,这种线性关系具有明显的区域特征。     

融雪剂对园林植物种子萌发的影响

使用融雪剂是高纬度城市冬季除雪的主要措施之一,但融雪剂中含有的盐类物质可以对园林植物造成伤害。在此研究了融雪剂对刺（Robinia pseudoacacia）、万寿菊（Tagetes erecta）、矮紫薇（Lagerstroemia indiea’Petite pinkie＇）、草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）、侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）种子发芽率和相对受害率的影响。试验结果表明：5种植物种子的发芽率随融雪剂浓度的升高而降低．相对受害率则随融雪剂浓度升高而增大。其中草地早熟禾种子时融雪剂最敏感,可以用草地早熟禾种子萌发为指示,间接检验融雪剂对植物的伤害程度。     

堆积条件下长期储存发射药质量变化研究

针对目前我军典型后方弹药仓库,其库房内弹药堆垛环境温湿度存在分布不一致这一客观事实,对6种同批次典型发射药质量进行了不同堆垛位置质量变化对比测试研究。测试研究的结果对我军弹药储存管理工作具有一定的指导意义。     

上海市青浦区PM_(10)污染与气象要素的关系

利用2006年-2010年上海市青浦区PM10和同期地面气象要素的监测资料,定量分析PM10的季节变化规律以及PM10与降雨量、大气湿度和风速之间的关系。分析结果表明:PM10浓度在夏季处于低值,冬季处于高值;5 mm/d以上的降雨对PM10有显著的清除作用,且春夏季降雨的清除作用大于秋冬季节。PM10浓度与大气湿度基本呈负相关关系。风速在一定范围内有利于PM10的扩散但不至造成扬尘,春季的适宜风速是1.5～3.5m/s,冬季的适宜风速是1.5～2.5 m/s。     

北方城市冬季室内环境空气中正负离子浓度分布特征

使用ITC201A空气负离子测量仪测定了中国北方地区冬季室内正负离子浓度水平,按照空气质量评价标准评价了室内空气质量等级,研究了室内空间的正负离子浓度日变化,讨论了正负离子浓度与室内温度湿度之间的相关关系。研究结果表明:①中国东北地区冬季室内正负离子浓度水平极低,负离子平均为浓度46.9个/cm3,正离子平均浓度为52.0个/cm3,室内空气质量等级为中度和重度污染。②室内正负离子平均浓度在中午时刻均达到全天中的峰值阶段,全天中大部分时间正离子浓度高于负离子浓度;在室内人群活动和环境因子等因素复杂的影响下,正负离子平均浓度此消彼长的发生波动变化。③研究期间室内正负离子浓度变化与空气温度和湿度间未发现显著线性相关关系,环境因子的综合作用影响着室内正负离子的浓度变化水平。     

防静电服带电电荷量测试方法探讨

通过对现行防静电服带电电荷量检测相关标准对比分析,发现存在一些操作难点,在实验的基础上,提出了改进建议。试验表明,宜选用尺寸略大、配有腈纶摩擦标准布的自动式滚筒摩擦机作为摩擦装置,选择自动式试验方法。控制试验中试样的耐洗涤程序,洗涤次数为100次,测试环境温湿度据不同行业要求选择,温度的偏差≤±1℃。