新型垃圾衍生燃料制备工艺

介绍了一项新型垃圾衍生燃料RDF制备技术。该技术通过改变现有焚烧炉工作状况入手,利用专有技术对南方高湿混合生活垃圾进行预处理制成衍生燃料后再进行焚烧,降低了垃圾焚烧处理对原料、热值及水分的要求,提高了焚烧法处理垃圾的适用范围,减少了能耗及成本,提高了处理能力和热能输出,极大降低了焚烧尾气所造成的二次污染,实现了重要技术突破。     

嗅觉实验配气方法的改进及影响因素研究

配制气体样品是异味测试及相关研究的基础工作，配气稳定性直接影响测试结果准确度。三点比较式臭袋法使用微量进样针量取并转移液体标准物质到3L无臭气袋的传统配气方法。对于异味阈值较小物质或样品浓度处于较低范围时，为了降低取样体积波动对配气精度和稳定性的影响。提出先将标准注入100mL玻璃注射器，充分挥发混匀后再转移部分气体到无臭气袋的两步式配气方法。结果表明，2种配气方法的准确度不存在显著差异，但两步式配气法的配气稳定性明显优于传统方法。此外，研究还发现，常见异味物质在被注人气袋后3min内便能完全挥发并混合均匀。除一些挥发性和吸附性极强的物质外，气袋内的异味物质气体浓度能在配好后20min内基本保持不变。     

湿法脱硫石灰石制浆系统的比选

石灰石制浆系统被广泛应用于燃煤电厂石灰石／石膏湿法烟气脱硫系统中。对典型的湿磨制浆和石灰石粉制浆系统从工艺流程特点、设备组成、技术经济等方面进行详细的分析比较。考虑到1000MW机组工程石灰石耗量较大，从电厂长期运行角度考虑，推荐采用技术成熟、运行经济的石灰石湿磨制浆方案，同时要加强湿磨制浆系统的日常维护和管理：     

Fungitoxicity of lyophilized and spray-dried garlic extracts

Among the compounds discussed for anti-microbial and anti-fungal use allicin (allylthiosulfinate, diallyl disulfide-S-monoxide), an active ingredient of garlic, has attracted considerable attention. The objective of this study is to determine the antifungal activity of a local garlic ecotype (Voghiera) extracts against different pathogens. Primary screening was carried out by the agar plates technique using ethanol garlic extract at four final concentrations against the following organisms: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus spp., Colletotrichum acutatum, Didymella bryoniae, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium gramineareum, Gliocladium roseum 47, Pythium splendens, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Stemphylium vesicarium, Trichoderma longibranchiatum, and Botrytis cinerea. Secondary screening was carried out using a lyophilized and a spray-dried preparation at different concentrations against the organisms selected for the high inhibition garlic effect in the primary screening and compared with the commercial fungicides mancozeb and iprodione. The best results were observed for the spray-dried garlic compound that showed a good fungicidal activity at the concentration of 1.5 g/10 mL while lyophilized garlic at the same concentration exhibithed less inhibition activity against the four fungi analyzed in the second screening.     

水质分析多样品自动制备系统研究

随着环境监测分析任务日趋繁重,实验室自动化系统越显重要,样品制备是分析自动化的一个重要环节。研制基于空间三维坐标系工作的机器人,用于在水质分析中实现对多样品的自动制备。仪器可对1～3种药液进行自动定量和移置加液,一批次可制备30～208个样品,具有移液误差小、分析精度高、使用灵活方便的特点,是分析检测自动化的理想设备。     

磷酸活化-微波热解法制备污泥吸附剂

以污泥吸附剂的碘值和其对铬的吸附去除效果为考察指标,对制备污泥吸附剂的各种影响因素进行全面考察和分析。结果表明,其最佳制备工艺条件为微波功率550 W,微波辐照时间330 s,磷酸浓度为40%及磷酸与污泥原料的液固比为2∶1,空气氛围中制备的吸附剂SAA的性能要稍优于氮气氛围中制备的吸附剂SAN,但前者的得率稍低于后者,总体来讲,两者相差不大。在实际应用中可简化制备工艺,无需通入保护气体。     

Comparison of two sample preparation methods for analysis of organochlorine pesticides residues in fish muscle

The aim of this study was to compare recoveries of organochlorine pesticides (heptachlor, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, op′-DDD, pp′-DDD, pp′-DDE, op′-DDT, pp′-DDT) from fish muscle dried by two alternative methods: (i) grinding with anhydrous sodium sulphate and (ii) freeze drying. Pesticide residues content was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GS-MS) method. For four pesticides (γ-HCH, α-HCH, heptachlor and pp;-DDD) in four of five fish species, higher recoveries were obtained from the freeze-dried samples. For five remaining pesticides, correlations between fish species and drying method were not found. The results of this study do not clearly indicate which drying method caused lower losses of analytes. Recoveries from the freeze-dried samples ranged from 69.9 to 117.6 %, while recoveries from the samples ground with sodium sulphate varied from 64.4 to 126.7 %. Either of the methods gave satisfactory recoveries and they both can be used interchangeably.     

Health and social impacts of a flood disaster: responding to needs and implications for practice

Carlisle in northwest England suffered its worse floods for more than 180 years in 2005. A study, reported here, was undertaken to assess the health and social impacts of these floods via in‐depth, taped individual and focus‐group interviews with people whose homes had been flooded and with agency workers who helped them. Respondents spoke of physical health ailments, psychological stress, water health‐and‐safety issues related to the floods, and disputes with insurance and construction companies, which they felt had caused and exacerbated psychological health problems. Support workers also suffered from psychological stress. Furthermore, it was found that people had low expectations of a flood and were not prepared. The findings are presented in five sections covering flood risk awareness, water contamination issues, physical health, mental health, and impact on frontline support workers. The discussion focuses on the implications of the findings for policy and practice vis‐à‐vis psychological health provision, contamination issues, training and support for frontline support workers, matters relating to restoration, and preparation for flooding.     

W/D152催化剂的制备及其对汽油中二苯并噻吩的催化氧化性能

采用浸渍法将钨负载在丙烯酸系弱酸性阳离子交换树脂D152上,制成了催化剂W/D152.实验研究了浸渍钨溶液p H值、温度、浓度等制备条件对催化氧化去除二苯并噻吩(DBT)活性的影响,并确定了催化剂的最佳制备条件.同时,运用红外光谱(FTIR)和环境电镜扫描(SEM)对W/D152的微观面貌进行了观察和分析.结果表明,在p H值为2.5,温度为30℃,2.5%(质量分数)的含钨溶液条件下制备的催化剂脱硫效果最佳;初始溶液含硫量为400 mg·kg-1,最高去除率达到99.1%,处理后样品的含硫量约为3.52 mg·kg-1,达到了总含硫量要求小于10mg·kg-1的欧五标准.催化剂表征结果表明,钨成功负载在树脂上,并形成一层薄层.W/D152催化剂循环使用7次后,处理后样品的含硫量仍可达到欧五标准.该催化剂催化氧化二苯并噻吩的反应符合一级动力学模型,速率常数为0.1091 min-1.     

湖泊水体悬浮物中痕量砷的测定方法

重金属在悬浮物和水相中的分配是水体重金属形态研究的重要组成部分,对于追踪水体中重金属元素的来源、迁移转化规律以及重金属生态与健康效应具有重要意义.水中砷元素以其极强的毒性严重危害人类的健康,已越来越引起政府和社会的广泛关注.然而,目前关于痕量悬浮物中砷测定的前处理过程及室内分析的方法与质量控制的叙述不够详尽,有必要对此做深入的研究.本文针对悬浮物较少的水域,选用7个滇池水样,采用不同滤膜、不同预处理方法、不同消解用酸及消解时间,测定并比较砷空白值,试图通过改变实验条件降低空白值,探索前处理的最佳条件及步骤.结果表明,对于悬浮物较少的湖泊水域,采用预称重的醋酸纤维膜过滤水样、载有颗粒物的滤膜冷冻干燥、HNO3-HCl O4加热共消解36 h,消解上清液用氢化物发生原子荧光光度计测定砷空白值低于悬浮物一个数量级以上,膜空白砷相对标准偏差为2.80%~11.38%,膜空白加标回收率为83%~103%;与滇池5个实际样品验证误差范围0.27%~6.92%.此方法可以可靠地获得悬浮物中的砷含量,在砷含量较低的水体悬浮物测定方面具有优势.