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281.
Anti‐desertification planning in Iran operates at the national level through the Five Year Development Plans, the National Plan to Combat Desertification — a long‐running scheme for which the Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Management Organisation (FRWO) is responsible — and the recently developed National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (the NAP). The Iranian NAP was formulated following the country's ratification of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and drew heavily on the experience, expertise and collaboration of personnel in FRWO. Development and implementation of the NAP has had major policy impacts in Iran in the two main areas of generating cross‐sectoral cooperation between government instruments at the national planning level and by community participation in local projects to combat desertification. Documenting the evolution of cross‐sectoral and participatory approaches to desertification in Iran shows that the NAP provided impetus towards a transformation of previous procedures, a policy impact that is continuing to generate change. 相似文献
282.
K. Wyat Appel Prakash V. Bhave Alice B. Gilliland Golam Sarwar Shawn J. Roselle 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2008,42(24):6057-6066
This paper is Part II in a pair of papers that examines the results of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5 (v4.5) and discusses the potential explanations for the model performance characteristics seen. The focus of this paper is on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical composition. Improvements made to the dry deposition velocity and cloud treatment in CMAQ v4.5 addressing compensating errors in 36-km simulations improved particulate sulfate (SO42−) predictions. Large overpredictions of particulate nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) in the fall are likely due to a gross overestimation of seasonal ammonia (NH3) emissions. Carbonaceous aerosol concentrations are substantially underpredicted during the late spring and summer months, most likely due, in part, to a lack of some secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation pathways in the model. Comparisons of CMAQ PM2.5 predictions with observed PM2.5 mass show mixed seasonal performance. Spring and summer show the best overall performance, while performance in the winter and fall is relatively poor, with significant overpredictions of total PM2.5 mass in those seasons. The model biases in PM2.5 mass cannot be explained by summing the model biases for the major inorganic ions plus carbon. Errors in the prediction of other unspeciated PM2.5 (PMOther) are largely to blame for the errors in total PM2.5 mass predictions, and efforts are underway to identify the cause of these errors. 相似文献
283.
International projects frequently struggle with the dilemmas of community participation, whether the community in question
is the object of a development or aid intervention, or is to be persuaded to cooperate on a conservation project. This paper
discusses the challenges facing interventionists and the obstacles and opportunities that local people encounter as they come
into contact with exogenous conservation and development projects. The key issues presented can be summarized as legacy, legitimacy,
agency and communication. We argue that project planners need to understand the history of past interventions in order to
respond appropriately to local expectations. At the same time, the complexity of community leadership and representation complicates
the sometimes conflicting agendas of project developers and communities. Much depends on personal relations, individual agency,
and initiative. Finally, the physical means of communication—language, print and broadcast media, transport and telecommunications—are
important aspects to consider when assessing the limitations to community participation. Although there have been valuable
successes in international projects in Russia, as in other regions of the world, a better understanding of community participation
is needed to ensure more effective and sustainable means for engaging communities in project development and implementation.
This paper explores these questions through a locally-grounded analysis based on the academic research and practitioner experience
of the two authors in the remote home of a World Heritage site—the Kamchatka Peninsula, in the Russian Far East. 相似文献
284.
The desire of oil companies operating in the Niger Delta to secure their social license to operate, and address their community development obligations, has led in recent years to the adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and strategies. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data collected in host communities within the Niger Delta in Nigeria, the paper compares the effectiveness of two different corporate–community involvement strategies. The evidence suggests that while the corporate–community foundation model has certain advantages over the in-house community investment model, both approaches suffer from a common shortcoming that limits the impact of oil companies’ efforts on community development in their host communities. The paper concludes by exploring the implications of the research findings for corporate–community involvement in the Nigerian oil industry. 相似文献
285.
Ross Kingwell Michele John Michael Robertson 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(6):899-912
Degradation of farmland caused by salinisation is a major environmental issue in Australia. To combat salinisation a community-based
approach has been adopted. This paper reviews the nature and effectiveness of this approach, describing its rationale, strengths
and weaknesses. The community-based approach is shown to have been highly successful in raising awareness and providing education
about the problem of dryland salinity in Australia, and has encouraged group participation in managing the problem. The approach
has allowed some internalisation of the externalities associated with dryland salinity, with peer group and community pressure
helping to address some salinity problems. However, the approach has not greatly lessened the threat of salinisation. Community
and regional groups continue to receive the bulk of salinity management funding yet it is funding for development of new innovations,
technologies and policies that is also critical to combating salinity. A conclusion is that there may have been an over-investment
in the community-based approach and under-investment in the development of skills and research infrastructure required to
develop innovative solutions to lessen the cost of salinity.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
286.
Effects of a herbicide-insecticide mixture in freshwater microcosms: risk assessment and ecological effect chain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Van den Brink PJ Crum SJ Gylstra R Bransen F Cuppen JG Brock TC 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):237-249
Effects of chronic application of a mixture of the herbicide atrazine and the insecticide lindane were studied in indoor freshwater plankton-dominated microcosms. The macroinvertebrate community was seriously affected at all but the lowest treatment levels, the zooplankton community at the three highest treatment levels, with crustaceans, caddisflies and dipterans being the most sensitive groups. Increased abundance of the phytoplankton taxa Cyclotella sp. was found at the highest treatment level. Threshold levels for lindane, both at population and community level, corresponded well with those reported in the literature. Atrazine produced fewer effects than expected, probably due to decreased grazer stress on the algae as a result of the lindane application. The safety factors set by the Uniform Principles for individual compounds were also found to ensure protection against chronic exposure to a mixture of a herbicide and insecticide at community level, though not always at the population level. 相似文献
287.
Carson L 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(4):1636-1643
This paper is concerned with the quality of citizen involvement in relation to the governance of industrial risks. Specifically, it explores the hexachlorobenzene (HCB) case relative to best practice public participation, which is consistent with deliberative democratic theory. The case could be judged a public participation failure given that the community committee in combination with the corporate sponsor was unable to agree on a mutually acceptable technological pathway. This stalemate might have been attributable in part to the time spent on the task of review. A diligent participation working party could have created a much more effective public participation plan, grounded in the core values of professional public participation practice. 相似文献
288.
Resource consumption in developing countries has been the focus of a considerable amount of research. What has been understudied however, has been the feedback affects of resource consumption on resource availability to both households and communities. Heavy reliance on natural resources and intensive smallholder agriculture common to many rural communities in developing countries has forced people to fulfill short-term needs to the detriment of long-term ecological and livelihood sustainability. This paper introduces a conceptual framework to examine how individuals and households fulfill daily caloric needs and the aggregate effects on resource availability and consumption. Data were collected from a large number of published case studies of rural land-use dynamics, growth and yield models, and human livelihoods were reviewed from scientific journals, reports published by NGOs, and government reports. Using inputs defined by the user, the model tracks annual fuelwood and agricultural land use based on meeting individual energy demands. A case-study-based analysis was patterned after smallholder agriculturalists at the family and community level. Three scenarios are presented in this paper using data from Uganda to illustrate the application of this model. 相似文献
289.
This study analyses the relation of forest cover and stream flow on the 266 km2 Koga watershed in a headwater of Blue Nile Basin using both observed hydrological data and community perception. The watershed
declined from 16% forest cover in 1957 to 1% by 1986. The hydrological record did not reveal changes in the flow regime between
1960 and 2002 despite the reduction in forest area. This agrees with the perception of the downstream community living near
the gauging station. The upstream community, however, reported both decreases in low flows and increases in high flows shortly
after the forest cover was reduced. The upstream deforestation effect appeared to have been buffered by a wetland lower in
the watershed. This study concludes that community perception can be a complement to observational data for better understanding
how forest cover influences the flow regime. 相似文献
290.
The technology transfer of flood warning systems offers a large potential for reducing human losses and property damage in flood-prone regions; much of the technology and methodology is readily transferable from developed countries and “appropriate” for developing countries. This paper examines some community folk warning systems in the United States that could be incorporated into a rational strategy for technology transfer. It discusses why official organized systems should not be relied on completely and how participation in and transfer of highly cost-effective and reliable community warning systems by development assistance agencies could greatly benefit the people as well as the governments of developing countries. 相似文献