大气中多环芳烃(PAHs)在松针和SPMD上的分布

通过松针监测与半渗透膜被动式采样技术 (SPMD ) ,分析了我国珠江三角洲地区大气中多环芳烃的含量特征、来源及其分布 ,同时对这两种被动式采样技术进行了比较 松针及SPMD主要富集气态多环芳烃 (2— 4环 ) ,气态多环芳烃在松针和SPMD样品中的总含量分别为 313 9— 30 4 3 5ng·g-1和 14 5—116 9ng·SPMD-1·d-1 大气中多环芳烃含量的区域差异明显 ,珠江三角洲中部地区 (广州、佛山和东莞 )大气中多环芳烃的含量高 ,沿海地区的珠海、香港偏低 ,分子标志物指数表明 ,珠江三角洲大气中的多环芳烃主要是热成因 (燃烧 )来源 松针和SPMD对气态多环芳烃的监测具有很好的一致性 ,是进行区域大气污染评价的良好生物指示物     

Passive sampling of PAHs in indoor air in Nepal

PAHs were sampled in ten homes in the Makwanpur region, Nepal. SPMDs and moss bags (Sphagnum girgensohnii) were used as passive samplers. Soot particles on the SPMD surfaces were also analyzed for PAHs. The overall PAH concentrations in SPMDs were significantly higher than those in moss bags. Total PAH mean concentrations of ten houses were 535μg/g lipid for SPMDs and 7.2 μg/g moss (dw) for moss bags. Ratios of phenanthrene/anthracene in indoor SPMDs and particulate matter varied from 2.9 to 3.5 and ratios of fluoranthene/pyrene varied from 1.1 to 1.4. The values for moss bags were respectively 1.7–3.6 and 0.8–2.4. These ratios indicate that the PAHs are from combustion origin. The PAH concentrations in ambient air were estimated as B(a)P TEQs and they were 17–64 times higher than acceptable limit for Finnish community air. Based on PAH levels in the gas phase (SPMD) we may expect PAHs to have an impact on respiratory disease prevalence in Nepalese villages. Both of the sampling methods were feasible in the difficult conditions under which the study was performed.     

天然水体有毒有机污染物毒性监测样品前处理

应用水样直接测试、ＣＨ２ＣＩ２萃取和被动透膜采样技术（ｔｒｉｏｌｅｉｎ－ＳＰＭＤ）富集洋河宣化至官不库沿线水样中污染物,并进行Ｐ．Ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｅｕｍ Ｔ３和Ｖｉｂｒｉｏ－ｑｉｎｇｈａｉｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ＮｏｖＱ６７发光菌急性毒笥测试,分析探讨不同样品前处理方式对毒性测试结果的影响。结果由原河水样品直接进行了发光菌急性毒性测试会受水体中共存物质的干扰,将毒性掩盖,表现为制激发光。采用ＣＨ２ＣＩ２     

Pine needle and semi-permeable membrane device derived organochlorine compounds (OCPs) concentrations in air in Mersin Province to Taurus,Turkey

Abstract

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in three different ages (half-, 1.5-, 2.5-year-old) for needles and semi permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) at three deployment periods from sea level to 1881 meter above sea level. Individual HCHs concentrations ranged between 1.4 and 129?pg/g fw depending on the age and sampling season while 2.5-year-old needles showed higher HCHs levels compared to half and 1.5- year-old. Correlation between elevation and HCH concentration in SPMDs was found but not in needle samples. Concentrations of HCHs in SPMDs indicated clearly cold condensation effect on accumulation in winter period and increased with altitude. Concentrations of DDTs in half and 1.5-year-old needles were lower than 2.5-year-old needles. The highest total concentration of DDTs was detected in 1-year-period SPMD. Higher concentrations were found in 2.5-year-old needles for other OCPs. Seasonal and altitude-dependent changes were not observed for other OCPs in SMPDs. Total accumulation of OCPs in SPMDs were found higher than in needles. On the contrary, an increased accumulation rate was observed for HCHs in SPMD. In general, Total concentrations of DDTs and HCHs were similar to total of other OCPs in all altitudes when dominating endosulfan wasnot taken into account in the computation of total concentration of other OCPs.     

Bottom sediment as a source of organic contaminants in Lake Mead, Nevada, USA

Treated wastewater effluent from Las Vegas, Nevada and surrounding communities’ flow through Las Vegas Wash (LVW) into the Lake Mead National Recreational Area at Las Vegas Bay (LVB). Lake sediment is a likely sink for many hydrophobic synthetic organic compounds (SOCs); however, partitioning between the sediment and the overlying water could result in the sediment acting as a secondary contaminant source. Locating the chemical plumes may be important to understanding possible chemical stressors to aquatic organisms. Passive sampling devices (SPMDs and POCIS) were suspended in LVB at depths of 3.0, 4.7, and 6.7 (lake bottom) meters in June of 2008 to determine the vertical distribution of SOCs in the water column. A custom sediment probe was used to also bury the samplers in the sediment at depths of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm. The greatest number of detections in samplers buried in the sediment was at the 0-10 cm depth. Concentrations of many hydrophobic SOCs were twice as high at the sediment-water interface than in the mid and upper water column. Many SOCs related to wastewater effluents, including fragrances, insect repellants, sun block agents, and phosphate flame retardants, were found at highest concentrations in the middle and upper water column. There was evidence to suggest that the water infiltrated into the sediment had a different chemical composition than the rest of the water column and could be a potential risk exposure to bottom-dwelling aquatic organisms.     

利用Triolein-半渗透膜采样技术测定淮河水中的有毒有机污染物

利用 Triolein 半渗透膜采样技术 ( Triolein SPMD)采集了淮河信阳、淮南断面水样 ,测定了采样器中多氯联苯、多环芳烃、取代苯等有毒有机污染物浓度。污染物在 SPMD酯中高浓度富集 ,使其定性和定量更加容易和准确。根据SPMD酯 水分配平衡理论 ,进一步估算得到目标污染物在水中的平均浓度。本研究证明 Triolein SPMD技术可用于水中多氯联苯、多环芳烃、取代苯等污染物的采集和定量分析 ,可在我国的优先污染物监测、控制工作中发挥作用。     

Assessing the toxicity and teratogenicity of pond water in north-central minnesota to amphibians

BACKGROUND: Incidence of amphibian deformities have increased in recent years, especially in the northern region of the United States. While many factors have been proposed as being responsible for generating deformities (e.g., contaminants, ultraviolet radiation [UV], parasites), no single cause has been definitively established. METHODS: To determine whether waterborne chemicals are responsible for amphibian deformities in ponds in north-central Minnesota, we deployed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) in an impacted and a reference site to accumulate lipophilic contaminants. We then exposed native tadpoles (northern leopard frogs; Rana pipiens) to the SPMD extracts combined with two agricultural pesticides (atrazine, carbaryl) at two levels of UV radiation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: UV radiation alone caused a slight increase in hatching success and tadpole growth rate. Deformity rate among hatchlings was high following exposure to SPMD extracts from the reference site in the absence of UV, suggesting that chemicals present at this site are broken down by UV to less harmful forms, or become less bioavailable. Conversely, impacted site SPMD extracts caused hatchling deformities only in the presence of UV, suggesting that UV potentiates the teratogenicity of the compounds present there. Impacted site SPMD extracts significantly increased the number of bony triangles among metamorphs, a common deformity observed at this site. The incidence of skin webbings increased significantly with SPMD extracts from both sites as well as with our pesticide control containing atrazine and carbaryl alone. CONCLUSIONS: Higher deformity rates among tadpoles reared in the presence of UV radiation and SPMD extracts from sites where deformities are common indicates a chemical compound (or compounds) in the water at this site may be causing the deformities. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: It is important to examine the effects of chemical stressors in the presence of other natural stressors (e.g., UV radiation) to gain a better understanding of how multiple stressors work to impact amphibians and amphibian populations.     

半透膜被动采样装置(SPMDs)对PAHs 和壬基酚类的静态富集

半透膜采样装置(SPMDs)是一种被动采样装置,它能模拟有机污染物穿过生物膜从水相到生物有机相的分配平衡过程,使得结果能显示出污染物的生物可利用性。它能对环境中有机污染物进行长时间连续监测,所得的是污染物被SPMD富集后的时间权重浓度。本实验测定了温度为18℃时标准SPMD对7种PAHs和3种NPnEO(n=0～2)的静态富集过程,通过测定污染物达到平衡时在SPMD内的浓度和在水相中浓度的比值,求解了各自的SPMD/水分配平衡常数KSPMD。表明了有机污染物在SPMD和水相之间达到分配平衡所需要的时间是随着其Kow值的增高而逐渐增长的,还与其各自的分子极性有关,并且几种达到富集平衡的PAHs在SPMD内的浓度也是随着其Kow值的增高而逐渐变大。比较KSPMD的理论值和实测值可以发现,对于PAHs而言,其实测值都高于理论值,而NPnEO都是实测值低于其理论值。但是KSPMD实测值和理论值随污染物Kow值变化的趋势相同。     

利用SPMD技术监测珠江三角洲大气中多环芳烃

利用半渗透膜被动采样装置(SPMD),对珠江三角洲地区大气中多环芳烃进行了分季度为期一年的监测,同时在广州(GZ01站)用大流量采样器进行主动采样分析.结果表明,SPMD主要采集大气气态多环芳烃,其富集速率Rs受温度影响显著,低温更有利于SPMD对有机物的渗透富集.大气气态PAHs浓度季节差异明显,各季度平均值分别为286.0ng/m³(4～6月),322.0ng/m³(7～9月),216.4ng/m³(10～12月)和153.3ng/m³(1～3月),温度是影响气态PAHs含量高低的主因素.该区域内,污染程度呈南北低、中间高.污染源主要来自于机动车尾气的排放.     

利用SPMD技术监测珠江三角洲大气有机氯农药

利用半渗透膜装置(SPMD)对珠江三角洲地区大气有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了分季度为期1年的监测分析。结果显示,该地区大气OCPs主要为DDTs,HCHs,氯丹和甲氧基氯,DDTs的含量约占总量的62%～88%。珠江三角洲地区大气有机氯农药时空分布差异明显,OCPs含量夏季高于冬季;各地区大气有机氯农药的年均含量为3 8～27 5ng d,香港和珠海较低(平均为5 0ng d),广州(GZ01)最高,年均值达27 5ng d。大气中m(DDT) m(DDD+DDE)均大于1,表明近期该地区大气中仍有新的DDT输入,对α-HCH和α-氯丹的手性特征进行了分析,它们的旋光异构体比值(年均值)(ER(+-))分别为0 75和0 69。夏季大气与土壤中α-HCH的ER(+-)相当,而冬季大气ER(+-)要低于土壤,表明夏季大气α-HCH基本来自于土壤中α-HCH的挥发,而冬季大气α-HCH可能来自土壤挥发与外来源迁移的组合。