不同时空尺度下土地利用结构与空间格局对苏州河水质的影响

土地利用与河湖水质的关系存在时空异质性.以上海苏州河为研究对象,基于2001、2005、2010、2015和2020年水质监测和土地利用数据,提取5种空间尺度（200、500、1 000、2 000和5 000 m河段缓冲区）的景观格局指数,采用相关分析和冗余分析,研究了多时空尺度下苏州河水质与缓冲带土地利用构成和空间格局特征的响应关系.结果表明：①苏州河水质近20年呈逐步改善趋势,TN是当前水体主要污染物.②不同尺度缓冲带土地利用均以建设用地为主,绿地林地占比呈小幅增长趋势.③缓冲带土地利用景观特征与水质存在关联性,并表现出时间和空间尺度效应.时间尺度上,建设用地、农业用地、景观优势度、聚集度和多样性指数与各项水质参数呈现出显著的相关性.就NH₄⁺-N、TP和TN而言,2010年呈现出与其他年份相反的相关关系.2001年土地利用景观特征对水质的总解释率最高,为93.65%.近10年来,绿地林地对水质的调控作用凸显.④空间尺度上,绿地林地、斑块数量、景观形状和多样性指数与大部分水质指标呈现出显著的相关性.绿地林地对NH₄⁺-N、TP和TN的正调控效应均以2 000 m尺度最强.斑块数量和景观形状指数在较大空间尺度上对水质的调控作用相对较强,而香农多样性指数则在小尺度上对水质起到较好的正调控作用.2 000 m尺度下土地利用景观特征对水质总解释率最高,为68.47%.研究表明,增加2 000 m缓冲区内绿地林地的面积并优化其景观配置将对苏州河水质保护具有积极作用.     

土壤盐分变化对N2O排放影响：基于Meta分析

N₂O是导致臭氧层空洞和全球变暖的主要大气污染物,农业生产活动是其主要来源,而土壤盐分则是影响N₂O排放的关键因素.基于21篇同行评议文献中528对实验组及对照组形成的数据集,运用R语言Metafor软件包进行Meta分析,进而评估土壤盐分对土壤N₂O排放的影响.结果表明,土壤盐分累积对N₂O排放量有显著正效应,中度和高度盐渍土N₂O排放量比非盐渍土高75.57%和28.85%.室内培养实验测定结果表明,林地和农田的土壤盐渍化导致N₂O排放量增加124.79%和131.64%,而野外定位监测试验结果表明,草地、裸地和农田中,土壤盐分对N₂O排放的影响均不显著.盐分对N₂O排放的影响趋势则因土壤(NH₄⁺∶NO₃^-)、p H、土壤砂粒含量和粉粒含量的差异而发生改变,影响程度依次是：(NH₄⁺     

关中平原城市群土地利用变化对碳储量的影响

研究城市群地区土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响,对城市群地区土地利用结构优化及可持续发展具有重要意义.基于PLUS模型和InVEST模型,模拟预测了不同情景下关中平原城市群2040年土地利用变化与碳储量,并进一步分析了土地利用变化对碳储量的影响.结果表明:①关中平原城市群土地利用类型以耕地、林地和草地为主,占研究区总面积的90 %以上.②2000~2020年,关中平原碳储量呈持续下降的趋势,耕地、林地和草地是关中平原碳储量的主要来源,总体碳储量下降了15.12×10⁶ t,空间分布呈现“南北高,中间低”的分布特征.③到2040年,城镇发展情景下碳储量减少最多,共减少27.08×10⁶ t,生态发展情景下碳储量减少最少,共减少4.14×10⁶ t.研究结果可为关中城市群地区高质量发展和土地利用合理规划提供数据支撑.     

Impact of Changing Climate and Land Cover on Flood Magnitudes in the Delaware River Basin,USA

Changing climate and land cover are expected to impact flood hydrology in the Delaware River Basin over the 21st Century. HEC‐HMS models (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center‐Hydrologic Modeling System) were developed for five case study watersheds selected to represent a range of scale, soil types, climate, and land cover. Model results indicate that climate change alone could affect peak flood discharges by ?6% to +58% a wide range that reflects regional variation in projected rainfall and snowmelt and local watershed conditions. Land cover changes could increase peak flood discharges up to 10% in four of the five watersheds. In those watersheds, the combination of climate and land cover change increase modeled peak flood discharges by up to 66% and runoff volumes by up to 44%. Precipitation projections are a key source of uncertainty, but there is a high likelihood of greater precipitation falling on a more urbanized landscape that produces larger floods. The influence of climate and land cover changes on flood hydrology for the modeled watersheds varies according to future time period, climate scenario, watershed land cover and soil conditions, and flood frequency. The impacts of climate change alone are typically greater than land cover change but there is substantial geographic variation, with urbanization the greater influence on some small, developing watersheds.     

Achieving sustainable development goals through participatory forest management: Examples from South-Eastern Bangladesh

Forests managed through peoples' participation can help to achieve a number of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This paper, drawing data from four participatory forest management (PFM) projects in south-eastern Bangladesh, explored: (a) the factors that influenced the outcomes of PFM; and (b) contribution of PFM towards achieving selected SDGs. The research used observation, semi-structured household interviews, group discussions, vegetation survey and Ostromʼs design principles for data collection, Divergent forest conditions and factors in four PFM sites have had differential contribution to SDGs. Heterogeneity of user groups, insufficient coordination, absence of motivation, and land tenure conflicts had affected the attainment of SDGs. The PFM helped to achieve 9–11 SDGs comprising poverty reduction (Goal 1), improving food security (Goal 2), maintaining health and well-being (Goal 3), enhancing childrensʼ education (Goal 4), fair access to jobs and committees (Goals 5 and 10), sources of clean drinking water (Goal 6), affordable energy for cooking (Goal 7), increased household economy (Goal 8), climate change through carbon sequestration (Goal 13), forest conservation (Goal 15), and partnerships with relevant institutions (Goal 16). In order to achieve SDGs, PFM could be viewed as an integral part of government development strategies, which needs sectoral coordination and integration of relevant policies.     

Sea salt bittern-driven forward osmosis for nutrient recovery from black water: A dual waste-to-resource innovation via the osmotic membrane process

• A dual “waste-to-resource” application of FO was proposed. • Performance of sea salt bittern as an economic FO draw solution was evaluated. • High quality struvite recovery from black water using FO was demonstrated. • Feed pH is a key factor to control the form of recovered phosphorous. A dual “waste-to-resource” innovation in nutrient enrichment and recovery from domestic black water using a sea salt bittern (SSB)-driven forward osmosis (FO) process is proposed and demonstrated. The performance of SSB as a “waste-to-resource” draw solution for FO was first evaluated. A synthetic SSB-driven FO provided a water flux of 25.67±3.36 L/m²⋅h, which was 1.5‒1.7 times compared with synthetic seawater, 1 M NaCl, and 1 M MgCl₂. Slightly compromised performance regarding reverse solute selectivity was observed. In compensation, the enhanced reverse diffusion of Mg²⁺ suggested superior potential in terms of recovering nutrients in the form of struvite precipitation. The nutrient enrichment was performed using both the pre-filtered influent and effluent of a domestic septic tank. Over 80% of phosphate-P recovery was achieved from both low- and high-strength black water at a feed volume reduction up to 80%‒90%. With an elevated feed pH (~9), approximately 60%‒85% enriched phosphate-P was able to be recovered in the form of precipitated stuvite. Whereas the enrichment performance of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) largely differed depending on the strength of black water. Improved concentration factor (i.e., 3-folds) and retention (>60%) of TKN was obtained in the high-nutrient-strength black water at a feed volume reduction of 80%, in comparison with a weak TKN enrichment observed in low-strength black water. The results suggested a good potential for nutrient recovery based on this dual “waste-to-resource” FO system with proper management of membrane cleaning.     

农用地土壤环境监测现场采样、制备及注意事项

土壤环境对农业生产、人类健康和土壤资源的安全性具有重要而深远的影响,随着土壤农业资源的持续开发,土壤环境受到的农药、化肥、石油等污染日益恶化。阐述了农用地土壤环境监测现场采样和制备过程,同时提出了注意事项,并对土壤环境监测面临的问题提出对策与建议。     

南海北部海域油气勘探保障建设选址适宜性研究

为分析南海北部海域油气勘探保障建设选址的适宜性,在广泛研究备选区特征资料的基础上,基于层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP)原理,以自然环境因素、开发环境因素、基础设施与投资情况以及其他因素作为一级评判准则,建立了包括12项二级评判准则的递进层次结构模型,并以永兴岛、赵述岛和晋卿岛作为3个假定备选区,来验证分析评价模型的有效性和可靠性。AHP评判结果显示,3个备选区的整体优劣指数依次为0.587 1, 0.212 1, 0.200 8;AHP模型的一致性比例CR值为0.020 3。通过分析和筛选影响远海油气勘探保障建设的选址因子,构建基于AHP原理的选址评价模型,可用于分析评价南海北部岛礁油气勘探保障建设选址的适宜性。     

Dispersal of Land Snails of the Genus Xeropicta Monterosato, 1892 (Gastropoda; Pulmonata; Hygromiidae)

Data on the parameters of migration of two land snails of the genus Xeropicta are presented. In relatively homogeneous habitats, the locomotor activity of these mollusks is relatively high: they can travel for up to 300 cm per day, with neither the phenotype nor size of the shell having any significant influence on the level of dispersal. The snails prefer to travel westward and southward, but the distances covered by individuals moving in different directions are similar. No connection between the directions or distances of movement on two successive days has been observed.     

A Spatial Analysis of the Economic and Ecological Efficacy of Land Retirement

This paper uses a cellular automata simulation model of a hypothetical landscape to investigate the role of location as it relates to the efficacy of land retirement in achieving two environmental goals: hydrological improvement and habitat improvement. Statistical analysis of simulation results is used to show how absolute and relative location relate to achievement of these objectives. Linear and nonlinear compromise programming frameworks then combine these two environmental objectives and a cost minimization objective into a measure that allows decision-makers to rank the desirability of different retirement strategies. These frameworks are explored to determine what each implies about the tradeoffs that must be made among objectives and among the spatial land parcel characteristics that contribute to those objectives.