添加CaO对燃煤重金属元素富集效果的影响

选取CaO作为吸附剂,探究了不同燃烧温度下添加CaO对重金属元素在燃煤灰渣中富集效果的影响规律。实验结果表明:添加CaO对重金属元素Cr未起到富集作用,而对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb 7种重金属元素的富集效果显著;随燃烧温度的升高,CaO对各赋存形态的Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As的富集效果先变好而后变差,对各赋存形态的Cd和Pb的富集效果越来越好;CaO添加比(预处理后的CaO颗粒与预处理后的原煤的质量比)越大,CaO对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb的富集效果越好,燃烧温度为850℃时的最佳CaO添加比为4%。     

节球藻毒素的紫外光降解研究

为优化节球藻毒素(NOD)光解处理的最佳光源及反应条件,利用自制光反应装置研究了NOD在暗反应、可见光、暗反应+TiO_2、可见光+TiO_2及单独紫外光(UVA、UVB、UVC)处理下的去除效果,继而选择UVC作为最佳光源进行后续实验,探讨NOD初始浓度、温度、p H和光强对NOD去除效果的影响及反应动力学.结果表明:暗反应、可见光、可见光+TiO_2的组合、UVA和UVB均对NOD无显著去除作用,最高去除率约为20%;UVC处理可以快速去除水中NOD,其去除过程符合二级动力学.UVC处理时,pH对NOD的去除无显著影响;温度升高,NOD去除率缓慢增大,但组间差异并不显著;初始浓度越大,NOD去除率越低;光强增大,NOD去除率快速升高,但到达一定临界值后保持稳定状态.3种因素对UVC去除NOD的影响程度由大到小分别为:光强时间温度.光强318μW·cm~(-2)、p H=7、温度30℃、反应时间4 h为最佳处理条件,此时NOD去除率最高,初始浓度为0.1μg·m L~(-1)的NOD几乎被完全去除,残留浓度低于WHO及我国规定的藻毒素含量限值.研究表明,UVC光解NOD安全高效,是一种非常理想的NOD去除方法.     

氮、硫输入对河口湿地土壤有机碳矿化的实验研究

通过室内培养实验,研究了氮、硫输入对闽江河口湿地土壤有机碳矿化和土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明:NH_4Cl(N1)、NH_4NO_3(N3)、K_2SO_4(S)和NH_4Cl+K_2SO_4(NS1)处理显著促进了湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率(p0.05),较对照分别提高了76.57%、60.09%、83.20%和52.59%,并且不同处理下土壤有机碳矿化速率均表现为随培养时间的增加而递减.氮、硫输入在不同时间对湿地土壤有机碳矿化的影响不尽一致,在前6 d各处理的促进作用最明显.湿地土壤有机碳累积矿化量在不同处理下均表现为随培养时间逐渐增加,其增长速率在培养初始阶段较快,而后逐渐减慢;不同培养时间有机碳累积矿化量在N1、N3、S和NS1处理下与对照处理间均存在显著差异(p0.05).短期培养结束后,N3、NS1处理显著增加了湿地土壤DOC含量(p0.05);N1、N3、NS1和NH_4NO_3+K_2SO_4(NS3)处理均显著增加了土壤NH_4~+-N含量(p0.05);KNO_3(N2)、N3、NS2和NS3处理均显著增加了土壤NO_3~--N含量(p0.05);S、NS1、NS2和NS3处理均显著增加了土壤SO_4~(2-)含量(p0.05).不同处理下湿地土壤Cl-、pH、EC具有微弱的波动变化特征,但在不同处理组间均不存在显著差异(p0.05).多元回归分析显示,DOC、NH_4~+-N和SO_4~(2-)是氮、硫输入处理下影响闽江河口湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率的主要控制因素.     

Identifying the major fluorescent components responsible for ultrafiltration membrane fouling in different water sources

Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation–emission matrix(EEM) coupled with parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC) was performed for a total of 18 water samples taken from three water sources(two lakes and one wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) secondary effluent),with the purpose of identifying the major ultrafiltration(UF) membrane foulants in different water sources. Three fluorescent components(C1, C2 and C3) were identified,which represented terrestrially derived humic-like substances(C1), microbially derived humic-like substances(C2), and protein-like substances(C3). The correlations between the different fluorescent components and UF membrane fouling were analyzed. It was shown that for the WWTP secondary effluent, all three components(C1, C2 and C3) made a considerable contribution to the irreversible and total fouling of the UF membrane.However, for the two lakes, only the C3 exhibited a strong correlation with membrane fouling, indicating that the protein-like substances were the major membrane foulants in the lake waters. Significant attachment of C1, C2 and C3 to the UF membrane was also confirmed by mass balance analyses for the WWTP secondary effluent; while the attachment of C1 and C2 was shown to be negligible for the two lakes. The results may provide basic formation for developing suitable fouling control strategies for sustainable UF processes.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, compositions, sources, and associated carcinogenic risks to humans in farmland soils and riverine sediments from Guiyu, China

The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were measured in 23 farmland soil samples and 10 riverine sediment samples from Guiyu, China, and the carcinogenic risks associated with PAHs in the samples were evaluated. Guiyu is the largest electronic waste(EW) dismantling area globally, and has been well known for the primitive and crude manner in which EWs are disposed, such as by open burning and roasting. The total PAH concentrations were 56–567 ng/g in the soils and 181–3034 ng/g in the sediments.The Shanglian and Huamei districts were found to be more contaminated with PAHs than the north of Guiyu. The soils were relatively weakly contaminated but the sediments were more contaminated, and sediments in some river sections might cause carcinogenic risks to the groundwater system. The PAHs in the soils were derived from combustion sources,but the PAHs in the sediments were derived from both combustion and petroleum sources.     

Analysis of risk factors affecting driver injury and crash injury with drivers under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and non-DUI

Objective: The objective of this research was to study risk factors that significantly influence the severity of crashes for drivers both under and not under the influence of alcohol.

Methods: Ordinal logistic regression was applied to analyze a crash data set involving drivers under and not under the influence of alcohol in China from January 2011 to December 2014.

Results: Four risk factors were found to be significantly associated with the severity of driver injury, including crash partner and intersection type. Age group was found to be significantly associated with the severity of crashes involving drivers under the influence of alcohol. Crash partner, intersection type, lighting conditions, gender, and time of day were found to be significantly associated with severe driver injuries, the last of which was also significantly associated with severe crashes involving drivers not under the influence of alcohol.

Conclusions: This study found that pedestrian involvement decreases the odds of severe driver injury when a driver is under the influence of alcohol, with a relative risk of 0.05 compared to the vehicle-to-vehicle group. The odds of severe driver injury at T-intersections were higher than those for traveling along straight roads. Age was shown to be an important factor, with drivers 50–60 years of age having higher odds of being involved in severe crashes compared to 20- to 30-year-olds when the driver was under the influence of alcohol.

When the driver was not under the influence of alcohol, drivers suffered more severe injuries between midnight and early morning compared to early nighttime. The vehicle-to-motorcycle and vehicle-to-pedestrian groups experienced less severe driver injuries, and vehicle collisions with fixed objects exhibited higher odds of severe driver injury than did vehicle-to-vehicle impacts. The odds of severe driver injury at cross intersections were 0.29 compared to travel along straight roads. The odds of severe driver injury when street lighting was not available at night were 3.20 compared to daylight. The study indicated that female drivers are more likely to experience severe injury than male drivers when not under the influence of alcohol. Crashes between midnight and early morning exhibited higher odds of severe injury compared to those occurring at other times of day.

The identification of risk factors and a discussion on the odds ratio between levels of the impact of the driver injury and crash severity may benefit road safety stakeholders when developing initiatives to reduce the severity of crashes.     

济宁南部区域耕作层土壤地球化学特征及其成因分析

济宁市南部区域是著名的国家商品粮、优质大蒜、优质稻米和有机蔬菜生产基地,由于土壤地球化学特征与农业生产、人类健康关系密切,所以对济宁南部区域耕作层土壤地球化学特征及其成因的研究具有十分重要的意义。本文以济宁南部煤田地区作为典型区域,以耕作层土壤为研究对象,采集了77件耕作层土壤样品,定量分析了As、B、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、F、Hg、Li、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sr、Se、Zn、S、Corg、p H、Si O2、TFe2O3、Mg O、Ca O、Na2O、K2O、CEC等共计26项指标。经统计分析发现,济宁南部区域耕作层土壤中地球化学指标含量变异系数的大小顺序为HgCECSCdNa2OMoCa OCorgAsMnCuMg OCoLiNiTFe2O3SeZnFCrPbBSi O2SrK2Op H,其中Hg、CEC和S的变异系数较大,均超过了50%,这一特点与地球化学指标含量频率直方图及平均值与背景值的比对柱状图所显示的特征完全吻合。在摸清耕作层土壤地球化学特征的基础上,采用R型因子分析法对济宁南部区域耕作层土壤地球化学特征的成因进行了详细分析,提取了风化作用和淋溶作用复合因素、蒸发淀积作用和粘土物理化学吸附作用复合因素、植物根际富集因素作用、煤矿生产因素作用等四个因子,其方差贡献率分别为55.022%、12.753%、9.803%、8.009%,四个因子可以用于说明济宁南部区域表层土壤地球化学特征85.587%的形成原因。研究结果可以为研究区今后开展耕作层土壤环境质量评价,以及生态平衡研究奠定基础。     

贵州省主要森林类型土壤有机碳密度特征及其影响因素

森林土壤有机碳是全球土壤有机碳库的重要组成部分,研究森林土壤有机碳对于减缓大气中CO2浓度持续升高具有重要的意义。本研究采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,以贵州桦木、栎类、柏木、云南松、杉木、马尾松、华山松等7种主要森林类型为主要对象,分析贵州主要森林类型土壤有机碳密度特征,探讨不同植被类型和环境因子对其的影响。结果表明:(1)贵州森林土壤有机碳密度约为180.62Mg/hm2,高于同纬度地区江西省森林土壤平均有机碳密度102.1Mg/hm2,表现出贵州森林土壤具有较高的固碳能力;(2)不同森林类型土壤有机碳密度变化范围为:114.52~388.29Mg/hm2,且差异显著(P0.05)。各种森林类型土壤有机碳密度大小为:华山松林杉木林柏木林栎类林马尾松林桦木林云南松林;(3)不同植被类型下各层土壤有机碳密度大小均以表层土壤为最大,且随土壤深度增加而降低;(4)在立地条件上,贵州森林土壤有机碳密度与海拔显著相关,与坡度、经度、纬度相关关系均不显著。     

土壤释汞通量影响因素研究进展

汞具有独特的物理化学性质和生物毒性,能在大气中长期滞留,对距离污染源较远的地区造成污染。土壤是一个巨大的汞库,土壤和大气界面汞的交换是汞的生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分,能够对周围环境产生显著的影响。土壤释汞通量受到很多环境因素的影响,如土壤中汞的形态、土壤和大气中汞含量、土壤温度、光照、土壤湿度、降雨和灌溉、土壤p H和Eh、植被、气象因素、微生物等。环境因素的变化可能会导致土壤释汞通量的昼夜变化和季节变化。环境因素通常对土壤释汞通量进行复合影响,而最终的影响结果可能表现为协同或是拮抗作用。本文对影响土壤释汞通量的主要因素及其影响机理进行了详细地介绍,提出了对各种环境因素的复合效应的结果的研究需要进一步开展。     

废弃物焚烧行业二噁英废气排放因子修正研究

二噁英是一类含氧芳香族化合物,具有生物毒性,被称为“世纪之毒”.文章简述了二噁英污染源企业及主要排放源,重点介绍了废弃物焚烧行业二噁英排放现状与历年排放趋势,根据2012年-2014年实际监测数据计算了二噁英废气排放因子,并进行了修正.修正结果显示,近年来废弃物焚烧企业落实规范化管理和污染治理设施改造的推进使得修正排放因子远低于原排放因子,在此基础上提出了废弃物焚烧行业二噁英排放控制建议.