地下水中钠形成的控制因素及其与人群健康的关系

利用国家科技攻关成果并根据国内外的研究现状，论证了地下水中钠元素形成的控制因素及其与人群健康的关系。     

多相抽提和原位化学氧化联合修复技术应用——某有机复合污染场地地下水修复工程案例

某电子机械厂搬迁后原址约1 500 m区域地下水受到了多种类型的有机物复合污染,包括石油烃、苯系物和多环芳烃,并且部分区域发现有明显轻质非水溶相流体(LNAPL)。该案例首先应用多相抽提技术强化回收地下水中的LNAPL,并去除土壤气体和地下水中溶解态的污染物。当地下水中不存在明显LNAPL且污染物浓度不再明显降低后,继续应用原位化学氧化技术进行修复,所使用氧化剂为"过硫酸钠+Na OH"。经过45 d的多相抽提以及4t过硫酸盐氧化剂注射之后,验收监测表明污染区域地下水污染物浓度均达到了修复目标。该案例表明,多种修复技术的联合应用能够明显加快修复进度、提高修复效率、节约修复成本。对于存在LNAPL,且修复目标较严格的有机复合污染场地,多相抽提结合原位化学氧化联合修复是一种较好的修复技术选择。     

Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis

Polyethylene terephthalate mesh(PET) enhanced cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated via a phase inversion process. The membrane fabrication parameters that may affect the membrane performance were systematically evaluated including the concentration and temperature of the casting polymer solution and the temperature and time of the evaporation, coagulation and annealing processes. The water permeability and reverse salt flux were measured in forward osmosis(FO) mode for determination of the optimal membrane fabrication conditions. The optimal FO membrane shows a typical asymmetric sandwich structure with a mean thickness of about 148.2 μm. The performance of the optimal FO membrane was tested using 0.2 mol/L Na Cl as the feed solution and 1.5 mol/L glucose as the draw solution. The membrane displayed a water flux of 3.47 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection of95.48% in FO mode. While in pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) mode, the water flux was4.74 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection 96.03%. The high ratio of water flux in FO mode to that in PRO mode indicates that the fabricated membrane has a lower degree of internal concentration polarization than comparable membranes.     

基于VSP2的引发剂质量分数对醋酸乙烯聚合反应失控特性及安全泄放设计影响研究

为了解决醋酸乙烯聚合反应失控所引起的超压问题,通过VSP2绝热量热仪研究了醋酸乙烯聚合反应的失控特性,并通过Leung's法对某醋酸乙烯聚合反应器的安全泄放面积进行了计算;然后,在其他条件不变的情况下,研究引发剂质量分数对失控特性和泄放面积的影响,结果表明,引发剂质量分数对反应总放热量的影响不大,体系绝热温升为105~115℃;但引发剂质量分数越大,失控反应的最大温升速率和最大压升速率越大。这是因为引发剂质量分数越大,在相同泄放压力和最大累积压力下,单位质量反应物的放热速率就越大,也就需要更大的泄放面积;最后,引入无量纲数W~*、G~*和A~*,拟合出它们与引发剂质量分数X*的关系式,结果表明,在研究范围内所需安全泄放面积随引发剂质量分数线性增大。     

系列混合碳源条件下颗粒化EBPR系统菌群结构变化规律研究

在SBR反应器中接种富含聚磷菌的活性污泥,采用一系列不同丙酸/乙酸比例混合的碳源进行EBPR系统污泥的颗粒化培养,并考察了颗粒化进程中的系统菌群结构变化,以及不同混合碳源条件对系统功能菌种竞争的影响.结果表明,污泥颗粒化过程对EBPR系统菌群结构产生了较大的筛选作用.原本在系统中占优势的一类Uncultured bacterium被迅速淘汰;Uncultured Rhodocyclaceae bacterium、部分Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis、部分Denitrifying bacterium、Acinetobacter及部分Uncultured alpha proteobacterium分别逐渐被淘汰.在各个成熟的颗粒化EBPR系统中,除磷微生物主要为Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium与Uncultured alpha proteobacterium.不同混合碳源条件培养的颗粒化EBPR系统菌群结构差异主要表现为Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis(聚糖菌)与Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium(聚磷菌)菌群数量的不同.混合碳源中乙酸比例的提高可造成颗粒化EBPR系统中Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis的增长,使系统的除磷效率下降.而碳源中丙酸比例相对较高的条件有利于Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium增长,从而有助于颗粒化EBPR系统维持较好的除磷效率.     

不同有机碳源对小球藻的生长与产油量的影响

该研究探讨了葡萄糖和乙酸钠两种碳源对小球藻（Chlorella protothecoides）的生长与产油量的影响,并对小球藻在两种碳源混合培养下的生长与产油情况进行了分析.研究结果表明,葡萄糖和乙酸钠的浓度对小球藻的生物量和产油量都有较大的影响,最优的浓度分别为15 g/L和20.5 g/L.相对于以葡萄糖为碳源的小球藻,以乙酸钠为碳源的小球藻的生物量与含油量均较低.在混合培养条件下,葡萄糖最先被小球藻吸收利用.图5,表1,参8.     

Validation of QuEChERS method for the determination of 36 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Ghana,using gas chromatography with electron capture and pulsed flame photometric detectors

In this study, “Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe” ‘QuEChERS’ method was modified for the determination of 36 pesticides fortified at (0.01–1.0) mg kg^?1 in three vegetables and a fruit (lettuce, carrot, tomatoes and pineapples respectively) from Ghana. The method involved extraction with acetonitrile, phase separation with primary secondary amine and magnesium sulfate; the final injection solution was reconstituted in ethyl acetate. Organochlorine and synthetic pyrethroids residues were detected with electron capture detector whereas organophosphorus, pulsed flame photometric detector was used. The recoveries at different concentration levels (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg kg^?1) were in the range of 83% and 93% with relative standard deviation ranging from 2% to 10% (n = 5) and the coefficient of determination (R²) was greater than 0.99 for all the 36 pesticides. The method was successfully tested on 120 real samples from Accra markets and this proved to be useful for monitoring purposes particularly in laboratories that have no gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.     

The influence of metam sodium on soil respiration

Abstract

A laboratory experiment was performed in order to evaluate the extent to which metam sodium (MS) applied at two different recommended rates and its degradation product, methyl isothiocyanate ( MITC ), affect soil respiration. Results suggest that MS degradation to MITC was complete within 4 hours and that MITC decomposed quickly in a few days, except in the soil containing high organic matter where it was still present after 15 days. Following the addition of MS, a lag phase appeared in CO₂‐C evolution in the soil. It was longer for the higher dose of MS added and for the two soils with low organic C content. The dynamics of the process was described by the Bonde and Rosswall model and by the Gompertz RS E model for the untreated and the MS‐treated soils, respectively.     

A rapidly equilibrating, thin film, passive water sampler for organic contaminants; characterization and field testing

Improving methods for assessing the spatial and temporal resolution of organic compound concentrations in marine environments is important to the sustainable management of our coastal systems. Here we evaluate the use of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as a candidate polymer for thin-film passive sampling in waters of marine environments. Log K_EVA−W partition coefficients correlate well (r² = 0.87) with Log K_OW values for selected pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) where Log K_EVA−W = 1.04 Log K_OW + 0.22. EVA is a suitable polymer for passive sampling due to both its high affinity for organic compounds and its ease of coating at sub-micron film thicknesses on various substrates. Twelve-day field deployments were effective in detecting target compounds with good precision making EVA a potential multi-media fugacity meter.     

高压放电等离子体协同锰锆镧铈催化剂降解乙酸乙酯的特性与机制

实验制备了新型Mn-Zr-La-Ce/Al₂O₃、Mn-Zr-Cu和Mn-Co-Ce 3种催化剂,利用SEM-EDS、XRD、BET、FT-IR、O₂-TPD进行表征分析,研究了高压放电协同催化剂对乙酸乙酯的降解因素影响规律（催化剂种类、初始浓度、含氧量和进气气量）,通过对出口气体GC-MS等分析,探讨了高压放电协同催化降解乙酸乙酯的机理.结果表明,高压放电低温等离子体协同Mn-Zr-La-Ce催化剂对于乙酸乙酯的降解效果最好,当电压为40 kV时,降解效率为94.6%,能量效率为1.52 g·kW^-1·h^-1,降解副产物O₃及NO_x浓度较低.降解效率随着初始浓度、气量的增加而较低,但随着含氧量的增加则是先升高后下降.GC-MS等分析结果表明,在降解乙酸乙酯过程中会产生丙酸乙酯和乙酸正已酯等中间产物,最终生成CO₂、H₂O.