UV wavelengths make female three-spined sticklebacks (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gasterosteus aculeatus</Emphasis>) more attractive for males

Numerous fishes possess UV vision and show UV patterns, which often play a role in social communication, especially during courtship. UV light is scattered strongly in water and thus might be used for intra-specific close-range communication without being detected by predators. In addition to the red-belly colouration and blue-coloured iris, male three-spined sticklebacks possess UV reflectance on their skin, and females prefer males presented with UV light rather than without. To investigate whether UV also influences male visual preference for females in this species, we used a dichotomous mate choice design in which one female could be viewed by a male in two visual conditions. Courting male sticklebacks preferred females that were presented in full-spectrum conditions including UV to the same females presented in conditions lacking this light component. Furthermore, control trials with neutral-density filters indicated that male preference in the UV treatment was not affected by a difference in achromatic brightness between the UV+ and UV− stimuli. Reflectance measurements of gravid females suggest an enhanced UV contrast between the dark bar pattern, which is characteristic of gravid females, and silvery body parts.     

Public Discourse and the Rhetorical Construction of the Technospecter

Modern technological disasters and their human and environmental consequences often defy the imagination in their immensity and complexity. As such, their rhetorical constructions often lack tangibility and a sense of material reality for those not directly involved. These amorphous constructions are consolidated into a view of technological disaster and threats of disaster in which the rhetorical dimensions are analogous to those of ghosts portrayed in popular literature and film—a view the author terms the “technospecter.” Drawing on the public discourse surrounding a tragic pipeline explosion near Carlsbad, New Mexico, this study identifies the rhetorical dimensions of the technospecter and discusses how the construction of the specter reinforces the meta-narratives that constrain pro-environmental action.     

地气解耦的Himawari-8卫星PM2.5浓度估算深度神经网络方法

现阶段大气PM_2.5遥感反演方法大多数都基于卫星气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）产品,这些产品通常是从表观反射率（top-of-atmosphere reflectance,TOA）中反演而来.直接建立TOA产品和地面站点监测的PM_2.5浓度间的反演模型能够有效降低由AOD反演所带来的误差传递,但是现阶段反演PM_2.5所用到的TOA同时耦合了地表反射率和大气贡献值,想要进一步提升反演精度则需要设法将二者分离.基于此,本文利用Himawari-8（H8）卫星数据,由6S模型进行大气校正,继而统计得到H8前6个波段之间的地表反射率关系式,再运用卫星第六波段表观反射率与地表反射率接近的特性,估算得到前5个波段的地表反射率,并扣除地表反射率得到大气贡献值,以此来达到地气解耦的目的.随后,本文基于深度神经网络构建了PM_2.5、大气贡献值、卫星亮温数据、观测角等之间的关系.以安徽省为例,反演结果表明,与不考虑地气解耦的TOA-PM_2.5方法相比,本文提出的ATM-PM_2.5方法精度更高,在未参与训练的验证站点上,ATM-PM_2.5的R²和RMSE值为0.87和13.77 μg·m^-3,相对于未经过地气解耦的TOA-PM_2.5,R²提高了20%,RMSE值降低了5.24 μg·m^-3.另外,利用H8卫星时间分辨率较高的特点,本文对安徽省域范围内进行了逐小时的PM_2.5监测,显示本文方法有潜力为PM_2.5实时监测提供数据支撑.     

藻源型湖泛发生过程水色变化规律

利用Y-型沉积物再悬浮发生模拟装置,模拟湖泛发生过程,分析水体吸收特性变化特征;同时,利用Hydrolight和CIE颜色匹配函数模拟水体颜色,分析湖泛水色变化规律.结果表明:在湖泛发生过程中,可溶性有色物质(CDOM)浓度(ag)不断增大,无机颗粒物浓度及吸收(ad)总体呈减小的趋势,而浮游植物色素浓度及吸收(aph)随时间变化不规律;基于Hydrolight模拟湖泛水体,离水辐亮度(Lw)和遥感反射比(Rrs)均随时间不断变小;3)另外,随SPIM或ag(443)的变大,水体颜色逐渐由绿色变为棕色.当SPIM增至40mg/L时,水体呈现棕色;当ag(443)达到10m-1时,水体呈现红棕色.通过研究湖泛发生过程水体光学特性和水色变化规律,有助于构建高精度的湖泛遥感监测模型.     

各向异性反射对基于光谱混合分析的植被盖度估算的影响

光谱混合分析法是解决亚像元植被盖度反演估算问题最行之有效的方法,线性光谱混合分析又是其中最常用的研究手段。传统观点认为基于线性光谱混合分析的植被盖度估算精度主要受多重散射和端元光谱可变性的影响,而且各向异性反射这个地物表面所固有的特性也常常被忽略。研究设计了由寸苔草、沙和水3种地物类别组成的棋盘式混合地物反射率光谱测试方案,在探讨分析传统的多重散射与端元光谱可变性的基础上,进一步分析评价了各向异性反射对基于光谱混合分析的植被盖度估算的影响。结果表明,各向异性反射是不可忽视的,在最小化多重散射及端元光谱可变性的影响后,考虑各向异性反射后寸苔草盖度估算精度显著提升,均方根误差RMSE下降了52%。研究不仅证实了各向异性反射在植被盖度估算问题中的重要性,还印证了其是同种端元类型光谱差异性的另一重要来源,拓宽了端元光谱可变性的范畴,为利用光谱混合分析法更准确地进行植被盖度估算提供了新的思路和方法。     

ESTIMATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER FROM SECCHI DISK DEPTHS1

ABSTRACT: Optical information on a water body is often required when only Secchi disk depths are available. Many limnologists and water managers have attempted to estimate diffuse light attenuation in water from Secchi depth data assuming a simple inverse relationship. However, we show theoretically that the product of Secchi depth and the diffuse attenuation coefficient is markedly dependent on the reflectance coefficient (“brightness”) of water. Data from 28 New Zealand lakes of diverse optical character demonstrated this dependence over a wide range of reflectance (1.1 to 35.9 percent). Uncritical estimation of attenuation coefficients for diffuse light from Secchi depths, using the currently available simple inverse expressions, is discouraged because of the possibility of bias.     

基于实测光谱的杭州湾悬浮物浓度遥感反演模式

悬浮物是我国近海水质遥感监测的主要参数之一.利用ASD地物光谱仪测量杭州湾水体的反射光谱,同步采集表层水样获取悬浮物浓度,模拟水色卫星MODIS和MERIS的波段设置提取遥感反射率,基于人工神经网络分别建立2种悬浮物浓度的遥感反演模式.实测结果表明,杭州湾水体中悬浮物浓度较高,泥沙含量远远大于叶绿素浓度,平均值分别为705 mg/L和1.164 mg/m³;2个监测站位的悬浮物浓度表现出时空上的差异,尤其是随潮汐变化的短周期变异十分显著;实测水体反射率光谱曲线在650～700 nm之间与800 nm附近分别出现峰值,光谱曲线一阶微分结果显示第一反射峰的位置随着悬浮物浓度增大向长波方向移动.基于神经网络建立的模拟算法充分利用了卫星不同通道的光谱信息,可以同时模拟水体中色素与非色素悬浮物的浓度,模型取得了较好的拟合效果,R²均大于0.95,可以应用于实际卫星遥感反演,尤其是MERIS数据,因其具有相对较高的空间分辨率,在近海水环境遥感监测中的应用前景更为广阔.     

浒苔反射光谱库系统设计与实现

浒苔光谱特征是遥感之本,可为浒苔灾害的遥感实时监测与预警研究提供重要基础数据。本文基于Delphi开发工具和Interbase数据库平台,采用"面向应用"的系统开发方法,运用dbExpress、DataSnap技术和TeeChart组件,设计并实现了浒苔反射光谱数据库系统,利用本系统可以实现对海量浒苔光谱数据及其属性信息的共享、信息查询、可视化分析和管理等功能。     

城市生活污水偏振反射特性研究

人类正面临着水污染的严峻挑战,其中生活污水是水污染的一大来源。研究城市生活污水的液面偏振反射特性,对于水资源的监测与利用、环境生态保护都具有重大理论意义和应用前景。本文选取不同浓度的三个生活污水样本,应用二向反射光度计测了不同样本在2π空间的多角度偏振反射光谱数据,建立探测方位角、光线入射角、探测天顶角、偏振角、波段等方面对所测水体的偏振反射数据的关系,并进行了初步分析与研究。这为偏振遥感在水资源环境上的应用奠定了实验基础,并对生活污水的偏振光遥感进行了初步研究。     

针对硝化菌抗盐机理的研究

为研究盐度对硝化菌的影响,以及硝化菌对盐度的抵抗机理,以模拟皮革废水为处理对象,考察了硝化菌硝化作用过程中的脱氮效率,脱氮数率,pH值,溶解氧,以及硝化菌胞外聚合物的含量与成分变化。结果表明在盐度逐步提高的情况下,出水氨氮从几乎检测不出升高到80 mg/L左右,硝化菌脱氮效率下降明显,并且有一定的规律性。pH值先降后升,溶解氧随着时间推移逐渐升高,但是随着盐度提高规律性越来越不明显。硝化菌所产生的胞外聚合物随着盐度提高,胞外聚合物总量有所提高,其主要成分含量发生变化,即多糖所占比例从35.2%升高到63.6%,蛋白质所占比例从58.8%减少到30.9%,从而影响活性污泥的絮凝性,从机理方面来解释盐度对硝化菌硝化作用的影响。