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111.
分光光度法与标准法测定水质中COD的对比实验 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
对COD用分光光度法和标准法两种方法进行了对比测定实验.结果表明,分光光度法可消除标准法的二次污染并适合于排放废水中含COD在500mg/L以下的如纺织,医药、轻工、机械、公交等单位的污水测试. 相似文献
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通过实验证明使用低浓度的硫代硫酸的钠标液时,可用已配制标定好的硫代硫酸钠标准贮备液直接稀释使用,不需重新标定。此法切实可行,完全能满足样品分析的要求,既省时省力,又节约试剂,值得推广。 相似文献
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为了研究国家标准的变化对成束电缆燃烧试验的影响,使用FDS软件进行电缆燃烧性能的火灾动力学模拟研究。对新旧国家标准进行燃烧模拟,比较分析箱体温度、热释放速率(HRR)、电缆前后表面温度和烟密度仿真结果,考察新旧国家标准间的差异因素对燃烧的动力学过程的影响,根据模拟结果探讨新国家标准下电缆通过燃烧试验的难易程度和电缆的优化设计。研究结果表明:新标准对炭化高度要求更严格,故在保证电缆机械强度的前提下,为达到新标准中的B1级阻燃等级,应在旧标准A类阻燃的基础上增加电缆的阻燃效果,特别需要抑制火焰在电缆表面垂直蔓延的能力。 相似文献
118.
Research questions at the regional, national and global scales frequently require the upscaling of existing models. At large scales, simple model aggregation may have a prohibitive computational cost and lead to over-detailed problem representation. Methods that guide model simplification and revision have the potential to support the choice of the appropriate level of detail or heterogeneity within upscaled models. Efficient upscaling will retain only the heterogeneity that contributes to accurate aggregated results. This approach to model revision is challenging, because automatic generation of alternative models is difficult and the set of possible revised models is very large. In the case where simplification alone is considered, there are at least n2−1 possible simplified models where n is the number of model variables. Even with the availability of High Performance Computing, it is not possible to evaluate every possible simplified model if the number of model variables is greater than roughly 35. To address these issues, we propose a method that extends an existing procedure for simplifying and aggregating mechanistic models based on replacing model variables with constants. The method generates simplified models by selectively aggregating existing model variables, retaining existing model structure while reducing the size of the set of possible models and ordering them into a search tree. The tree is then searched selectively. We illustrate the method using a catchment scale optimization model with c. 50,000 variables (Farm-adapt) in the context of adaptation to climatic change. The method was successful in identifying redundant model variables and an adequate model 10% smaller than the original model. We discuss how the procedure can be extended to other large models and compare the method to those proposed by others. We conclude by urging model developers to regard their models as a starting point and to consider the need for alternative models during model development. 相似文献
119.
Xiaoguang Chen Haixiao Huang Madhu Khanna Hayri Önal 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2014
This paper develops an integrated model of the fuel and agricultural sectors to analyze the welfare and greenhouse gas emission (GHG) effects of the existing Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), a Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) and a carbon price policy. The conceptual framework shows that these policies differ in the incentives they create for the consumption and mix of different types of biofuels and in their effects on food and fuel prices and GHG emissions. We also simulate the welfare and GHG effects of these three policies which are normalized to achieve the same level of US GHG emissions. By promoting greater production of food-crop based biofuels, the RFS is found to lead to a larger reduction in fossil fuel use but also a larger increase in food prices and a smaller reduction in global GHG emissions compared to the LCFS and carbon tax. All three policies increase US social welfare compared to a no-biofuel baseline scenario due to improved terms-of-trade, even when environmental benefits are excluded; global social welfare increases with a carbon tax but decreases with the RFS and LCFS due to the efficiency costs imposed by these policies, even after including the benefits of mitigating GHG emissions. 相似文献
120.
Robert C. Ward 《Regional Environmental Change》2001,2(2):66-72
Water quality criteria, as a means of distinguishing "good" water from "bad" water, have been employed for over 150 years.
During the 1940s and 1950s, the formulation of water quality criteria and their role in water quality management were hotly
debated in the United States as each state formulated its own approach to water pollution control. In 1965, when the federal
government assumed control of water quality management in the US, a single, national approach to the formulation and use of
criteria had to be selected and implemented nationwide. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the history of criteria
as a basis for water quality management in the US; note the different water quality management philosophies used by states
prior to 1965; and summarize the relationship of criteria to monitoring over the past 30 years. Standards, as legal instruments,
are developed for a specific water body by designating a use of the water (society value) and the criteria necessary to protect
the use (a scientific finding). Standard violation, as a concept, tends to remain as a single-sample exercise (i.e., the sample
measurement is either above or below the standard). Increasingly, however, there is a demand to classify large bodies of water
(e.g., lake, river segment, or aquifer), over a set time period, such as a day, year, or decade, as either in compliance or
in violation of water quality standards. No peer-reviewed, standardized method for computing standard "violations" has been
widely accepted for this purpose. The paper ends with a call to develop such methods, if water quality managers must produce
standard violation information (infer sample results) over time and space.
Electronic Publication 相似文献