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81.
Improved benthic conditions compared to the 1990s were found during benthic investigations, including sediment and benthic
macrofauna in the inner Stockholm archipelago during 2008. In the 1990s, these areas were dominated by black and laminated
surface sediments and very sparse fauna. A clear relationship was found when comparing sediment status with the benthic macrofauna.
Reduced surface sediment and impoverished macroinvertebrate community was only found at one sampling station representing
an enclosed part of the inner archipelago, whereas the other seven stations, with depths ranging from 20 to 50 m, had oxidized
surface sediments and considerable biomasses of benthic macrofauna (6–65 g m−2) dominated by the invading polychaete Marenzelleria neglecta. An extrapolation of the results shows that, within the investigated area, the coverage of reduced surface sediments had decreased
from approximately 17% in the late 1990s to 4% in 2008. 相似文献
82.
Richter S Steinhäuser KG 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2003,10(4):265-270
The 6th Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC 6), under the Stockholm Convention on POPs, gave an expert group the mandate to develop guidelines for the application and implementation of best available techniques (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP) for the prevention and reduction of unintentionally produced and emitted POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/-furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Measures to reduce or eliminate the release of these POPs to the environment can be found in Article 5 of the Convention. BAT and BEP are already being applied as emission reduction instruments in a number of industrialised countries and are elements of other major international treaties, e.g. the UN ECE Protocol on POPs and the Marine Convention's OSPAR and HELCOM, and of the EU Directive for Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC Directive). Existing concepts are presented and compared with the requirements of the Stockholm Convention. Consequences, perspectives and questions for the future intersessional work of the above-mentioned Expert Group are discussed. 相似文献
83.
国外持久性有机污染物废物的环境无害化管理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的生效,各国将逐步加强对持久性有机污染物(POPs)问题的重视。POPs的环境无害化管理是履约的重要内容。介绍了相关国际公约和国际组织、部分国家有关POPs及其废物的环境无害化管理要求;分析了国外关于POPs废物的立法和管理状况、主要法律法规分类及其基本内容;总结了国外POPs废物管理的基本特点;指出了我国履行POPs公约需要不断完善POPs废物的环境无害化管理体系,并不断加强POPs废物的污染监督管理。 相似文献
84.
The possibility of implementing 12 principles of the ecosystem approach is considered with regard to the results of meetings of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and recent international forums. The importance of these principles for achieving the main goals of the CBD is shown, and the role of biosphere reserves in solving urgent problems of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in adjoining territories of subjects of the Russian Federation is discussed. 相似文献
85.
What are the processes that shape implementation of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) in multilevel governance? In an attempt to address this question, we move from a top-down view of implementation as compliance with international rules to viewing it as a dynamic process shaped by action at various levels. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands offers an important context to understand the mechanisms that shape multilevel implementation outcomes. We examine Ramsar Convention implementation in Austria, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea in order to identify relevant processes that define multilevel implementation. These cases represent three different types of government, and shed light on the ways in which international law is implemented by respective governments. The Austrian case, a federal government, illustrates the ways in which subnational authorities (the provinces) are influenced by binding regional institutions (EU-rules) to create a more robust context for protection in terms of designation of Ramsar sites. The Mexican case, a semi-federal government, shows how spurred involvement by local NGOs, states, and scientists can result in significant expansion of efforts. The Korean case, a unitary government, demonstrates the ways in which aligning institutional interests (in this case local governments with national ministries) can lead to strong implementation. Analysis of these cases provides two robust findings and one deserving additional study. First, overlapping governance efforts where activity has ties with multiple regional and international biodiversity efforts tend to see cumulative implementation. Second, institutional and organizational complexity can provide opportunities for local actors to drive the implementation agenda through a mix of processes of coordination and contentious politics. A third, more tentative finding, is that multilevel funding sources can ease implementation. 相似文献
86.
Identifying Determinants of Nations' Wetland Management Programs Using Structural Equation Modeling: An Exploratory Analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
La Peyre MK Mendelssohn IA Reams MA Templet PH Grace JB 《Environmental management》2001,27(6):859-868
Integrated management and policy models suggest that solutions to environmental issues may be linked to the socioeconomic
and political characteristics of a nation. In this study, we empirically explore these suggestions by applying them to the
wetland management activities of nations. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate a model of national wetland management
effort and one of national wetland protection. Using five predictor variables of social capital, economic capital, environmental
and political characteristics, and land-use pressure, the multivariate models were able to explain 60% of the variation in
nations' wetland protection efforts based on data from 90 nations, as defined by level of participation in the international
wetland convention. Social capital had the largest direct effect on wetland protection efforts, suggesting that increased
social development may eventually lead to better wetland protection. In contrast, increasing economic development had a negative
linear relationship with wetland protection efforts, suggesting the need for explicit wetland protection programs as nations
continue to focus on economic development. Government, environmental characteristics, and land-use pressure also had a positive
direct effect on wetland protection, and mediated the effect of social capital on wetland protection. Explicit wetland protection
policies, combined with a focus on social development, would lead to better wetland protection at the national level. 相似文献
87.
Sophie M. E. Marsh Michael Hoffmann Neil D. Burgess Thomas M. Brooks Daniel W. S. Challender Patricia J. Cremona Craig Hilton-Taylor Flore Lafaye de Micheaux Gabriela Lichtenstein Dilys Roe Monika Böhm 《Conservation biology》2022,36(2):e13844
Unsustainable exploitation of wild species represents a serious threat to biodiversity and to the livelihoods of local communities and Indigenous peoples. However, managed, sustainable use has the potential to forestall extinctions, aid recovery, and meet human needs. We analyzed species-level data for 30,923 species from 13 taxonomic groups on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species to investigate patterns of intentional biological resource use. Forty percent of species (10,098 of 25,009 species from 10 data-sufficient taxonomic groups) were used. The main purposes of use were pets, display animals, horticulture, and human consumption. Intentional use is currently contributing to elevated extinction risk for 28–29% of threatened or near threatened (NT) species (2752–2848 of 9753 species). Intentional use also affected 16% of all species used (1597–1631 of 10,098). However, 72% of used species (7291 of 10,098) were least concern, of which nearly half (3469) also had stable or improving population trends. The remainder were not documented as threatened by biological resource use, including at least 172 threatened or NT species with stable or improving populations. About one-third of species that had use documented as a threat had no targeted species management actions to directly address this threat. To improve use-related red-list data, we suggest small amendments to the relevant classification schemes and required supporting documentation. Our findings on the prevalence of sustainable and unsustainable use, and variation across taxa, can inform international policy making, including the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. 相似文献
88.
Yang Zhang Zheng Peng Zhaomin Dong Mujie Wang Chen Jiang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(12):152
89.
Katharina-Victoria Pérez-Hämmerle Katie Moon Rubén Venegas-Li Sean Maxwell Jeremy S. Simmonds Oscar Venter Stephen T. Garnett Hugh P. Possingham James E. M. Watson 《Conservation biology》2022,36(4):e13875
With the intention of securing industry-free land and seascapes, protecting wilderness entered international policy as a formal target for the first time in the zero draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework under the Convention on Biological Diversity. Given this increased prominence in international policy, it is timely to consider the extent to which the construct of wilderness supports global conservation objectives. We evaluated the construct by overlaying recently updated cumulative human pressure maps that offer a global-scale delineation of industry-free land as wilderness with maps of carbon stock, species richness, and ground travel time from urban centers. Wilderness areas took variable forms in relation to carbon stock, species richness, and proximity to urban centers, where 10% of wilderness areas represented high carbon and species richness, 20% low carbon and species richness, and 3% high levels of remoteness (>48 h), carbon, and species richness. Approximately 35% of all remaining wilderness in 2013 was accessible in <24 h of travel time from urban centers. Although the construct of wilderness can be used to secure benefits in specific contexts, its application in conservation must account for contextual and social implications. The diverse characterization of wilderness under a global environmental conservation lens shows that a nuanced framing and application of the construct is needed to improve understanding, communication, and retention of its variable forms as industry-free places. 相似文献