稻田甲烷排放通量与农业管理措施的关系

1990至1992年对北京地区的麦后稻区及单季稻区进行了三年的稻田甲烷排放通量的测定,麦后稻区的甲烷排放通量约17.5mg/m~2·h;单季稻小区约在8.5-10mg/m~2·h。有机底肥的用量是影响甲烷排放通量的首要因素,旱直播及仅使用化肥可降低甲烷排放通量。在一定量有机底肥的条件下,采用间歇灌溉的方法既可保持或提高水稻的产量,又可抑制或降低甲烷的排放通量,但也观测到干干湿湿的状态下温室气体N_2O的排放通量有所增加。     

Did the Clean Air Act cause the remarkable decline in sulfur dioxide concentrations?

Over the last three decades, ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) air pollution have declined by approximately 80%. This paper tests whether the 1970 Clean Air Act and its subsequent amendments caused this decline. The centerpiece of this legislation is the annual assignment of all counties to SO₂ nonattainment or attainment categories. Polluters face stricter regulations in nonattainment counties. There are two primary findings. First, regulators pay little attention to the statutory selection rule in their assignment of the SO₂ nonattainment designations. Second, SO₂ nonattainment status is associated with modest reductions in SO₂ air pollution, but a null hypothesis of zero effect generally cannot be rejected. This finding holds whether the estimated effect is obtained with linear adjustment or propensity score matching. Overall, the evidence suggests that the nonattainment designation played a minor role in the dramatic reduction of SO₂ concentrations over the last 30 years.     

土壤温室气体产生与排放影响因素研究进展

土壤是温室气体(如CO2、CH4和N2O)产生的重要源,土壤温室气体主要来自于微生物呼吸,植物根呼吸和土壤动物呼吸。土壤温室气体排放机制及其影响因素是研究全球碳氮循环的重要组成部分。研究表明,影响土壤呼吸的因素很多,土壤理化性质如温度、含水量、有机质含量、pH值、氧化还原电位(Eh)、土壤质地等因素都可以直接影响土壤微生物量及其生理生化过程,从而影响温室气体排放。其中,土壤温度,湿度、有机质含量是关键性因素。此外,地域气候、土地利用以及土地覆盖变化也可以通过改变土壤理化性质及呼吸底物来影响温室气体排放。文章重点论述了土壤温室气体排放机制,排放影响因素以及排放的日变化和季节变化规律。认为今后的研究方向应该是土壤微环境碳氮循环机制,土壤呼吸模型在尺度上的推延,以及注重中国陆地与近海生态系统碳固定及减少碳排放的对策和应用技术研究,特别在人工林碳固定及农业固碳减排方面加大研究力度等。     

上甸子区域本底站大气痕量活性气体的变化规律

利用TE公司C系列气体监测仪,于2005年1月1日-12月31日,在北京上甸子区域大气本底站连续观测SO2,CO,NO-NO2-NOx和O3的浓度.分析了晴天、雨天、霾天和沙尘天气条件下,不同气体的变化特征及影响因素.结果表明:(1)痕量活性气体在不同天气条件下具有不同的浓度及日变化特征,晴天和雨天日变化最小,而霾天日变化最大;(2)风向和风速是影响上甸子气体浓度变化的重要因素,同时,夏季降水对SO2和NOx的去除作用较为明显;(3)上甸子O3白天最大值与夜间最小值的比值低于4,远低于城区,不利于光化学污染的形成.     

Ancillary benefits of reduced air pollution in the US from moderate greenhouse gas mitigation policies in the electricity sector

Actions to slow atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases also would reduce conventional air pollutants yielding “ancillary” benefits that tend to accrue locally and in the near-term. Using a detailed electricity model linked to an integrated assessment framework to value changes in human health, we find a tax of $25 per metric ton of carbon emissions would yield NO_x-related health benefits of about $8 per metric ton of carbon reduced in the year 2010 (1997 dollars). Additional savings of $4–$7 accrue from reduced investment in NO_x and SO₂ abatement in order to comply with emission caps. Total ancillary benefits of a $25 carbon tax are $12–$14, which appear to justify the costs of a $25 tax, although marginal benefits are less than marginal costs. At a tax of $75, greater total benefits are achieved but the value per ton of carbon reductions remains roughly constant at about $12.     

脉冲电晕放电等离子体烟气脱硫技术研究

通过实验模拟烟气,观察SO_2在一种特殊的脉冲电晕放电等离子体环境中的氧化变化过程,研究了烟气温度、SO_2初始浓度等参数对SO_2氧化率、单位能量氧化量的影响规律。     

活性炭固定床操作参数的优化

研究了操作参数对活性炭固定床处理有机废气的影响。温度升高，吸附容量下降。湿度的存在会减少活性炭对有机物的吸附容量。适当的操作气速为0.1-0.5m/s，在此范围内，气速与压降在对数坐标上呈线性关系。     

"十一五"脱硫计划实施前后长三角地区的硫沉降变化

采用RAINS ASIA模型研究了"十一五"期间长三角地区实施脱硫措施前后硫沉降超临界负荷的变化.结果表明,在90%保证率下,长三角地区硫沉降的临界负荷(以S计,下同)总值为78.38万t/a;2005年该地区硫沉降的超临界负荷总值为27.98万t/a,有45.6%区域面积的硫沉降超过临界负荷;如果不实施脱硫措施,到2010年长三角地区硫沉降超临界负荷的情景将急剧恶化,硫沉降超临界负荷总值将增长18.4%,超临界负荷的区域面积将增加到48.7%;"十一五"脱硫计划如期实施后,2010年长三角地区硫沉降超临界负荷总值将在2005年的基础上下降27.4%,但仍有39.1%的区域面积超过临界负荷,须采取更严格的措施控制硫沉降量.     

Baseline study of methane emission from open digesting tanks of palm oil mill effluent treatment

Anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases, especially CO₂ and CH₄ has been recognized as one of the main causes of global warming. Several measures under the Kyoto Protocol 1997 have been drawn up to reduce the greenhouse gases emission. One of the measures is Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) that was created to enable developed countries to cooperate with developing countries in emission reduction activities. In Malaysia, palm oil industry particularly from palm oil mill effluent (POME) anaerobic treatment has been identified as an important source of CH₄. However, there is no study to quantify the actual CH₄ emission from the commercial scale wastewater treatment facility. Hence, this paper shall address the CH₄ emission from the open digesting tanks in Felda Serting Hilir Palm Oil Mill. CH₄ emission pattern was recorded for 52 weeks from 3600 m³ open digesting tanks. The findings indicated that the CH₄ content was between 13.5% and 49.0% which was lower than the value of 65% reported earlier. The biogas flow rate ranged between 0.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻² and 9.8 l min⁻¹ m⁻². Total CH₄ emission per open digesting tank was 518.9 kg day⁻¹. Relationships between CH₄ emission and total carbon removal and POME discharged were also discussed. Fluctuation of biogas production was observed throughout the studies as a result of seasonal oil palm cropping, mill activities, variation of POME quality and quantity discharged from the mill. Thus only through long-term field measurement CH₄ emission can be accurately estimated.