日本虎斑猛水蚤的重金属急性毒性及其作为标准测试生物的潜在意义

以静态实验法研究重金属Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn单独以及两两联合对日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)的急性毒性效应,并分析其是否适宜作为我国海水重金属毒性测试的标准生物.结果显示,单独作用下,cu、Cd、Pb和Zn对受试生物的24 hLC50分别为0.26、0.14、0.40和0.65 mg·L-1,...     

燃油和燃煤电厂排放可吸入颗粒物的物理化学特性

分别对燃烧重油与烟煤两个电厂排放可吸入颗粒物的显微结构、颗粒类型及重金属在可吸入颗粒物中分布特征进行研究.研究表明,燃煤电厂排放可吸入颗粒物的形态都以球形颗粒为主,而燃油电厂排放可吸入颗粒物由一些絮状物和类似于燃煤飞灰中球形颗粒组成.根据可吸入颗粒物的化学组成,发现燃油电厂排放可吸入颗粒物的颗粒类型有硅铝质和钙-硅铝质...     

西北某电子垃圾拆解厂室内外重金属污染特征及暴露风险

本研究利用ICP-OES对西北干旱区某规模化电子垃圾拆解厂拆解车间内外空气不同粒径的颗粒物(PM_1. 0、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))及上风向对照点PM_(2.5)中的6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)的浓度进行了分析测定,基于该数据对拆解车间内外颗粒物中重金属污染浓度水平、粒径分布特征、职业暴露风险以及呼吸系统沉积特征进行了研究.结果表明,拆解车间内外颗粒物中重金属Zn(室内4 890 ng·m~(-3),室外1 245 ng·m~(-3))、Pb(室内1 201 ng·m~(-3),室外240 ng·m~(-3))、Cu(室内1 200ng·m~(-3),室外110 ng·m~(-3))均表现出较高的污染水平,且室内浓度远高于室外数倍,表明拆解活动是造成室内空气较高浓度重金属的主要原因,室内外空气环境污染特征与电子垃圾拆解种类密切相关.粒径分布特征为:车间内空气环境中重金属主要吸附于PM_(2.5)中,车间外主要是赋存于PM_(10)中.职业暴露风险评估显示:Cr的非致癌与致癌风险最高;拆解厂车间室内外6种重金属总非致癌危害指数为1. 62×10~(-3)和3. 60×10~(-4),远低于U. S. EPA规定的限定值(1. 0);车间室内外致癌总风险值为2. 69×10~(-7)和2. 59×10~(-9),小于可接受范围(1×10~(-6)),表明由重金属所导致的职业健康风险相对较小;评估结果表明按国家环保要求规模化建厂的电子垃圾拆解厂空气环境颗粒物中重金属对公共健康造成的风险处于相对安全的水平.颗粒态重金属在人体呼吸系统的不同器官的沉积特征表现为粒径越小,在呼吸系统的深处的沉积百分占比越大,建议企业应针对细颗粒物给职业工人造成的呼吸健康风险采取相应的减排对策.     

膨润土对不同类型农田土壤重金属形态及生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了膨润土对3种类型农田土壤中土壤理化性质、Cd、As、V和Cr的形态、小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)生长、重金属吸收及根际微生物群落的影响.结果表明,添加膨润土降低了3种土壤中可交换态Cd比例,降幅依次为黄壤(Gy,19. 44%)黄褐土(Sy,13. 85%)潮土(Bf,5. 03%),小白菜地上部Cd对应降幅为Gy(34. 81%) Bf(23. 91%) Sy(11. 11%);与各自对照相比,Bf和Sy中可交换态As比例降低,降幅分别为4. 53%和25. 16%,Gy中可交换态As比例升高了0. 57%;可交换态Cr比例均升高,增幅依次为Sy(31. 30%) Gy(2. 91%) Bf(0. 58%); As、V和Cr残渣态均升高(Sy中Cr除外),小白菜对其吸收也不同程度地降低.膨润土有助于3种土壤中小白菜的生长,Bf中小白菜生物量、根表面积、根尖数分别增大了147. 55%、80. 71%和124. 31%.此外,膨润土降低了3种类型土壤中速效氮、速效磷和有机质的含量,增大了速效钾含量和根际微生物群落多样性.因此,认为膨润土均适用于这3种土壤的修复改良.     

工业发达城市土壤重金属时空变异与源解析

采集了宁波市区2003和2013年两期共1 130个土壤样品,测定了8种典型重金属元素的含量,运用污染指数评价法对土壤重金属污染程度进行了评价,运用地统计学方法剖析了污染的时空变异特征,并分别运用主成分分析和UNMIX受体模型解析了重金属的污染来源.结果表明:(1)除了As,两期重金属元素的含量均值都超过了浙江省土壤背景值和国家土壤背景值,说明土壤普遍存在重金属污染;从2003～2013年,所有元素的含量均值都不同程度地增大,说明10年间重金属污染普遍加剧;(2)单因子污染指数的评价结果表明,Hg为重度污染,Cd、Cu、Pb为中度污染,Zn、Cr、Ni为轻度污染,As为非污染状态;所有采样点的内梅罗综合污染指数都超过了警戒值,10年间综合污染指数 3、呈重度污染的样本显著增加.(3)同种元素不同时期的污染空间格局相近,不同元素则呈现一定差异,Pb和Hg,Cr、As、Cu、Zn和Ni的空间分布特征具有相似性,高值区主要集中在污染企业分布密集和人类活动频繁的海曙、江北、江东、镇海四区;(4)研究区重金属污染源主要包括两类,即以Ni、As、Cr、Zn、Cd为主要成分的工业污染源,以Pb和Hg为主要成分的生活污染源,前者源自工业废水、废气和废渣的排放;后者源自于生活垃圾、汽车尾气及道路磨损造成的颗粒物和粉尘污染.     

基于高山湖泊沉积记录的贵州北部大气重金属污染历史重建

大气重金属污染是全球面临的主要环境问题之一,受监测资料的局限,目前我国在大气重金属污染的历史过程及其对偏远地区地表环境的影响方面的研究还较为薄弱.通过对贵州北部梵净山顶沉积物中金属元素含量和Pb同位素的分析,研究了近400年来Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等大气污染的历史过程.公元约1800年之前,沉积物中金属元素含量较为稳定; 1800年以来,Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn等含量总体呈先增加后降低的趋势;而Cd、Hg和Pb含量逐渐增加.富集系数与207Pb/206Pb结果表明,Cd、Pb和Hg是典型的大气污染元素; Hg污染开始于公元1880年前后,Cd和Pb污染开始于20世纪50年代,近年来污染程度均逐渐加重.沉积记录反映的贵州北部梵净山地区目前大气Hg污染水平与我国东部其他远离人类活动直接影响的地区相当,但远高于欧美及青藏高原等地区;不同地区间Cd与Pb污染水平具有较大的差异.梵净山地区大气Hg污染可能受到全球和区域污染排放的共同影响,Cd和Pb污染主要来自于区域有色金属冶炼及燃煤等释放.     

Impact Resistance of Materials for Guards on Cutting Machine Tools—Requirements in Future European Safety Standards

Guards on machine tools are meant to protect operators from injuries caused by tools, workpieces, and fragments hurled out of the machine’s working zone. This article presents the impact resistance requirements, which guards according to European safety standards for machine tools must satisfy. Based upon these standards the impact resistance of different guard materials was determined using cylindrical steel projectiles. Polycarbonate proves to be a suitable material for vision panels because of its high energy absorption capacity. The impact resistance of 8-mm thick polycarbonate is roughly equal to that of a 3-mm thick steel sheet Fe P01. The limited ageing stability, however, makes it necessary to protect poycarbonate against cooling lubricants by means of additional panes on both sides.     

Theory of storage,inventory and volatility in the LME base metals

The theory of storage, as related to commodities, makes two predictions involving the quantity of the commodity held in inventory. When inventory is low (i.e. a situation of scarcity), spot prices will exceed futures prices, and spot price volatility will exceed futures price volatility. Conversely, during periods of no scarcity, both spot prices and spot price volatility will remain relatively subdued. We test these predictions for the six base metals traded on the London Metal Exchange (aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, tin and zinc), and find strong validation for the theory. Including Chinese inventories reported by the Shanghai Futures Exchange strengthens the relationship further. We also introduce the concepts of excess volatility, inventory-implied spot price and inventory-implied spot volatility and illustrate some applications.     

Fractionation of Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in Sediments of Khor Kalabsha, Lake Nasser, Egypt

Khor Kalabsha is the second largest Khor in Lake Nasser, which is a freshwater side-branch of the main lake. Chemical analysis of the samples indicates that calcium carbonate and organic matter content in the surface sediments average 17.8 and 3.07%, respectively. Moreover, manganese, iron, zinc and copper concentrations are lower in Khor Kalabsha than in other lakes of Egypt. It has been found that both oxides and residual forms constitute the major part of the measured elements in the study area, while manganese and iron play an important role in building up clay minerals. It is noted that both zinc and copper fractions are controlled by biological and biochemical processes.     

Chemistry, mineralogy and radioactivity in posidonia oceanica meadows from North-Western Sicily

This paper presents measurements of major, minor, metal trace elements and radionuclides in sediments and in Posidonia oceanica samples from north-western Sicily (Italy). The mineralogical and chemical composition of sediments were determined by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence techniques, respectively. A flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to measure concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in P. oceanica samples and in sediments. Specific activities of selected radionuclides have been determined by high-resolution gamma spectrometry. Standard statistical analysis was used to assess correlations between different elements and different sample types.