Integrating empirical and heuristic knowledge in a KBS to approach stream eutrophication

The nutrient enrichment of rivers and its consequences are among the most severe water quality problems in Europe, causing eutrophication and other problems. The decision-making processes involved in the management of these problems require extensive human expertise from people who deal directly with day-to-day stream problems, as well as empirical knowledge based on scientific research. This means that eutrophication is a complex problem, the optimal management of which requires an integrated and multidisciplinary approach. This approach can be taken using a Knowledge-Based System (KBS) built upon the concepts and methods of human reasoning. Accordingly, a KBS was developed within the STREAMES project. In this KBS most of the knowledge needed for managing eutrophication problems was organised and structured in the form of a decision tree (DT). The methodology specially developed to build this KBS, as well as the internal structure of the eutrophication decision tree, is presented here. The good DT obtained led to consider the KBS a suitable tool to support the management of eutrophication.     

铋和石墨烯改性金属有机框架对碘离子的吸附性能

采用一步法制备石墨烯(GO)和铋[Bi(Ⅲ)]改性沸石咪唑酯骨架结构(ZIF-8),得到GZIF和Bi@GZIF吸附剂,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)及扫描电镜(SEM)对制备的吸附剂进行表征。结果显示,改性后ZIF-8晶体结构没有被破坏,表面形态及表面基团发生了变化,对碘离子的吸附能力增强,吸附速度加快,尤其是Bi@GZIF在5 min内完成吸附88.3%,最大吸附容量达197.2 mg/g。     

杭州市主城区浅层地下水水质现状

调查了杭州市主城区浅层地下水水质现状。结果表明,杭州市主城区浅层地下水污染较重,"三氮"超标现象普遍,而主要污染项目为NH3-N、NO2--N、IMn和总大肠菌群及细菌总数。指出,农业面源污染和生活污水,是造成杭州市主城区浅层地下水氮污染的主要原因。提出分析了地下水水质污染的成因。指出应加强地下水保护以及地下水资源的质量管理。进行科学、合理地开发利用,实现地下水水资源的可持续利用,支持杭州市国民经济的可持续发展。     

水中单质磷测定方法的改进

探讨了《水质单质磷的测定磷钼蓝分光光度法(暂行)》(HJ593-2010)中存在的问题,并对方法进行了改进.确定测定目标组分为单质磷中的黄磷；改用酸性高锰酸钾氧化体系,去除了有机磷农药的干扰；改用抗坏血酸为还原剂,采用710 nm比色波长,提高了分析灵敏度；用10 mL甲苯一次萃取,对水中黄磷的检出限为0.002 mg/L.     

Mass balance modeling to elucidate historical and continuing sources of dioxin into an urban estuary

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins) are typically found in sediment, water and tissue as in the case of the Houston Ship Channel and Upper Galveston Bay (HSC–UGB) in Texas studied in this research. While hydrodynamic and fate and transport models are important to understand dioxin distribution in the various media, it is difficult to assimilate modeling results into a decision framework without appropriate tools that can aid in the interpretation of the simulated data. This paper presents the development of a mass-balance modeling tool linked to RMA2 and WASP models of the HSC–UGB system for 2002–2005. The mass-balance tool was used to aggregate modeling results spatially and temporally and estimate the relative contribution of sediments to dioxin loading into the Channel in comparison to runoff, deposition, and permitted effluent discharges. The total sediment associated-dioxin load into the system calculated using the mass balance model was 2.34 × 10⁷ ng d⁻¹ (almost 86% of the toxic equivalent load), and the re-deposited load to the sediment from the water column was 1.48 × 10⁷ ng-TEQ d⁻¹, such that 8.6 × 10⁶ ng-TEQ d⁻¹ or approximately 69% of the average daily dioxin flux is transported between model segments as sediment. The external loads to the system contribute approximately 3.83 × 10⁶ ng-TEQ d⁻¹, a value that is an order of magnitude smaller when compared to the contribution from sediment. These findings point to the need for sediment remediation strategies that take into account the spatial locations within the system that serve as sediment sources to dioxin in the water column.     

气相色谱法同时测定水中28种多氯联苯单体

采用液液萃取-浓硫酸磺化净化-气相色谱电子捕获检测器同时测定水中28种多氯联苯单体,必要时利用质谱选择离子监测模式定性,考察了萃取溶剂种类和体积及盐析效应对测定的影响,比较了硫酸磺化和弗罗里硅土柱对萃取液的净化效果。方法在1.00μg/L~47.6μg/L范围内线性良好,当取样体积为200 mL时,方法检出限为0.001μg/L~0.002μg/L,基体加标回收率为95.8%~103%,相对标准偏差≤18.7%。     

环境应急监测管理体系研究

从环境应急监测制度建设和突发性环境事件应急预案两个方面就环境应急监测管理体系问题进行了论述。在制度建设方面主要介绍了环境应急事件应注意的几个问题及解决办法,从环境主管部门、企业、人员、装备及应对的方式方法等几个方面提出了自己的想法和观点。在突发性环境事件应急预案方面主要介绍了应包含的内容、制订要求及演练过程。     

生态工程治理玄武湖水污染效果的监测与评价

选取总磷、总氮、叶绿素a、浮游生物、浮游植物等多项环境监测指标，对利用生态工程治疗玄武湖水环境污染的效果进行了环境监测与评价。指出生态工程治理玄武湖水环境污染效果显著，经过治理使湖水中生物多样性大大增加，浮游植物大幅减少，湖水透明度增加，总磷、总氮等主要指标大幅下降，生态工程区中的水环境已从高度富营养化降到中度富营养化。     

北方沙尘暴对杭州大气环境的影响及应对措施

简述了我国沙尘天气的形成与分级情况。分析了我国沙尘天气的发展趋势与原因及其对杭州大气环境的影响情况。指出我国沙尘天气的发展有越演越烈的趋势 ,对杭州大气环境的影响时间延长 ,频次增加 ,危害程度加重 ,范围扩大。对防治沙尘天气污染大气环境提出了应对措施。     

Water policy implementation in the state of São Paulo,Brazil: Key challenges and opportunities

Challenges in implementing water planning and management are common, and the effective implementation of integrated water policies is yet to occur. In Brazil, the state of São Paulo enacted a Water Act in 1991 to ensure water availability for current and future generations based on the principles of decentralization, participation and integration. This research addresses water policy implementation issues by conducting an exploratory case study in the state of São Paulo. Factors affecting the water policy implementation process were analyzed, together with some water resources management practices. The findings indicate four dimensions of key challenges: institutional and governance, political, financial and technical. The stakeholders believe the political and the institutional and governance challenges are more important than the technical and financial ones. Additionally, the results show different levels of involvement in the areas of water policy strategy, the planning and decision-making process, and implementation by the different stakeholders groups. Stakeholders external to the water sector and from local government were considered to be less involved in water-related issues, when compared with stakeholders from the water sector. The study recommends a change in current institutional and governance arrangements in order to influence decisions and investments in different levels and sectors.