ASsessment Of Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants And Fatty Alcohols Mixtures In River Sediments And Prospective Risk Assessment

A feasible and relatively readily available analytical method was adapted for the assessment of alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and fatty alcohols (FA) in sediments. This study illustrates the simultaneous measurement of 38 of 114 possible alcohol ethoxylate ethoxymers (AE) and fatty alcohols (FA) found in commercially important AE products. We predicted toxicity for all identified fractions, as well as the total mixture toxicity, relative to three exposure scenarios via sewage treatment plants (STP) for these widely used chemicals in consumer products and hence generate a preliminary environmental risk screening for AE and FA in sediments. The method is based on derivatization of solvent or solid-phase extracts with 2-fluoro-N-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (Pyr+). The derivatized extracts were analyzed with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) operating in the positive ion electrospray mode. The extraction efficiency of AE and FA in three different sediments of varying composition was evaluated with spike-recovery studies, ranging from 64% to 80%. The detection limits for individual ethoxymers typically ranged from 1 to 5ngg⁻¹on a dry weight basis. The mean limit of detection (LOD) was 6ngg⁻¹and the median LOD was 3ngg⁻¹. AE and FA in sediments were found to be stable for two weeks if preserved with 3% (v/v) formalin and stored at 4–6^∘C. Based on equilibrium partitioning, background concentrations of AE and FA were predicted to be below concentrations known to elicit chronically toxic effects. Total worst case mixture toxicities for all AE ethoxymers combined with FA were predicted to result in a risk quotient less than 0.6. Activated sludge treatment (STP) significantly reduced the release of total AE and FA by four-fold, suggesting that the total mixture risk quotient would be < 0.15 for sediment dependent organisms.     

Patterns of substance use among Hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston,Texas

This paper focuses on changing patterns of substance use among low income, African American drug users evacuated from New Orleans, Louisiana, during Hurricane Katrina of August 2005. It examines the relationship between increases and decreases in alcohol and tobacco (AT) use and illicit drug (ID) use after Katrina and pre‐disaster and within‐disaster factors. Data from structured interviews with 200 Katrina evacuees currently living in Houston were collected 8–14 months after the disaster. Multivariate analysis revealed that rises in AT use were positively associated with education. Females and younger evacuees were more likely to have increased AT use. ID use increase was positively associated with resource loss and leaving the city before Katrina. Decreases in AT and ID use were found to be associated with disaster‐related exposure. The paper discusses the specific consequences of disasters on disadvantaged minority substance users and the importance of developing public health disaster policies that target this population.     

新型酒精废液浓缩燃烧处理技术与应用

针对酒精废液的特点及目前浓缩燃烧处理技术存在的问题,提出了采用大流量、高流速、高真空的闪蒸浓缩技术和浓缩液分段喷入燃烧炉、分段燃烧方式来处理酒精废液,并采用U型飞灰沉降室来处理烟气以解决灰渣堵塞问题。工程实践结果表明,经浓缩燃烧处理后CODCr去除率能够达到99·96%,可以实现有机废水的零排放。     

铬(Ⅵ)-溴酸钾-乙基紫催化光度法测定水中痕量铬(Ⅵ)

在磷酸介质中,利用铬(Ⅵ)对溴酸钾氧化乙基紫褪色反应有灵敏的催化作用,建立了测定痕量铬(Ⅵ)的新型催化光度法,考察了该褪色反应的最佳条件。在反应温度85℃、反应时间5m in、以醋酸钠作抑制剂的条件下,体系可稳定60m in以上,测定波长为600nm,方法的检出限为1×10-9g/mL,线性范围为0.004~0.094μg/mL,相对标准偏差小于2.5%,加标回收率为97.0%~101.5%。该法简便、灵敏、选择性好,用于水样中痕量铬(Ⅵ)的测定,结果令人满意。     

Extruded Cornstarch-Glycerol-Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends: Mechanical Properties, Morphology, and Biodegradability

Elongation properties of extruded cornstarch were improved by blending with glycerol. Further blending of starch-glycerol with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) resulted in significant improvements in both tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break. Samples of starch-glycerol without PVOH equilibrated at 50% relative humidity had a TS of 1.8 MPa and elongation of 113%, whereas those containing PVOH had a TS and elongation of 4 MPa and 150%, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of starch-glycerol-PVOH blends showed that decreases in glass transition temperatures (T _g values) were proportional to glycerol content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fractured surfaces revealed numerous cracks in starch-glycerol (80:20) samples. Cracks were absent in starch-glycerol (70:30) samples. In both blends, many starch granules were exposed at the surface. No exposed starch granules were visible in blends with added PVOH. Starch-glycerol samples incubated in compost lost up to 70% of their dry weight within 22 days. Addition of PVOH lowered both the rate and extent of biodegradation.     

由维尼纶厂废液合成乙酸乙酯

本文以维尼纶厂废液中提取的乙醛为原料,通过缩合反应合成乙酸乙酯,乙醛转化率达91.5%,选择性达93.0%,并对乙醛的提取、催化剂合成及缩合反应进行了探讨.     

廉价包埋剂聚乙烯醇的研究

以洗衣粉废水中的LAS为处理对象,研究了PVA-硼酸化法固定化微生物细胞的物理特性、废水处理特性及相关特性。其多孔结构、高机械稳定性、良好的贮藏性和活性可恢复性、污泥产量少及固定化增殖细胞的性质等说明PVA是有开发实用价值的廉价包埋剂。     

灰色系统理论在城市交通噪声预测和绝对关联度分析中的应用

运用灰色系统理论的动态建模方法,根据最近7年的时间序列数据,建立了城市道路交通噪声的灰色预测模型。本模型经检验为一极模型,进行中、短期预测精度高,残差仅±0.7％。对某市未来几年交通噪声变化的趋势进行了预测。同时对影响城市交通噪声变化的８个相关因素进行了绝对关联度分析,确定了城市人口、车流量及机动车数量变化为影响交通噪声变化的优势因素。为交通噪声污染防治提供了科学依据。     

废水中乙醛的化学发光法测定

乙醛发光分析法的检出限为8×10~(-11)g/ml,线性范围为5×10~(-10)g/ml-1×10~(-6)g/ml.对近30种常见无机物和有机物对乙醛测定的影响进行了试验,表明该方法具有良好的选择性.用于有机化工和印染废水中乙醛的测定,其回收率为94％～100％,变异系数为1.6％—6.4％。     

臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理PVA废水

采用臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理聚乙烯醇（PVA）废水,研究了臭氧氧化时间、臭氧流量以及废水pH等因素对臭氧氧化效果的影响。实验结果表明：当气体臭氧质量浓度为30 mg/L、臭氧氧化时间为45 min、臭氧流量为4 L/min、废水pH为8时,PVA质量浓度从进水的93.2 mg/L降至4.5 mg/L;PVA溶液的BOD₅/COD从0.014增加至0.310,可生化性明显改善;臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理后出水COD降至50 mg/L左右,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准;出水PVA质量浓度为1.6 mg/L,明显优于A/O工艺（33.1 mg/L）。