基于大数据技术构建生态环境信息化体系及其重点应用研究

本文首先分析了生态环境信息化体系的主要构成要素,其后基于大数据技术的生态环境信息化体系重点领域应用进行了深入研究。     

420kg／h医疗废弃物焚烧装置及其应用

叙述了420 kg／h医疗废弃物焚烧处理技术 设备的特点以及应用。     

移动通风收尘装置在炼铁厂的应用

本文主要介绍移动通风收尘装置的关键技术性能及其成功应用的经验,对目前应用效果不好的原因进行了系统分析,提出了几点建议,对相似工程具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Relationship between conservation biology and ecology shown through machine reading of 32,000 articles

Conservation biology was founded on the idea that efforts to save nature depend on a scientific understanding of how it works. It sought to apply ecological principles to conservation problems. We investigated whether the relationship between these fields has changed over time through machine reading the full texts of 32,000 research articles published in 16 ecology and conservation biology journals. We examined changes in research topics in both fields and how the fields have evolved from 2000 to 2014. As conservation biology matured, its focus shifted from ecology to social and political aspects of conservation. The 2 fields diverged and now occupy distinct niches in modern science. We hypothesize this pattern resulted from increasing recognition that social, economic, and political factors are critical for successful conservation and possibly from rising skepticism about the relevance of contemporary ecological theory to practical conservation.     

正渗透技术研究现状及进展

作为一种新型膜处理技术,正渗透技术自20世纪50年代建立以来,在环保、能源、海水淡化等领域受到越来越广泛的关注;其经历了从实验室研究,中试实验,到少量的商业化应用,技术日臻完善.本文综合了国内外相关文献的信息,从正渗透膜制备、浓差极化、汲取液及正渗透应用等四方面对正渗透技术的研究现状及进展进行了综述,并分析了其应用过程中存在的缺陷和未来发展趋势.正渗透技术的研发虽取得了显著进展,但仍存在应用瓶颈.正渗透膜仍存在对某些污染物的截留率不高、支撑层内浓差极化大、造价较贵等问题;影响浓差极化的因素尽管已经比较清楚,但至今尚无有效大幅度降低甚至消除内浓差极化的方法;汲取液存在反向渗透较重、回收过程能耗较大等问题;正渗透技术的应用范围,特别是在工业废水处理领域还需拓展.     

污水处理厂运营管理评价模型及其工程应用研究

随着环境污染的日益加重、环境资源的日益紧缺,污水处理厂的环境管理变得越来越重要.文章首先介绍了污水处理厂运营管理评价的发展状况并指出每个阶段存在的问题,然后通过对比选择污水处理厂运营管理评价的最优模型,同时还论述印度、北京等污水处理厂使用偏最小二乘法、平行因子分析法、熵权物元法以及神经网络等评价模型在工程实际中的应用,最后阐述如何改善现有预测与评价体系,以期进一步提升污水处理厂的运营管理效率,改善日益严重的水污染问题,保护我们珍贵的地球生态水资源.     

MONTANA'S EXPERIENCE IN RESERVING YELLOWSTONE RIVER WATER FOR INSTREAM BENEFICIAL USES - LEGAL FRAMEWORK1

ABSTRACT: The Yellowstone River historically has produced an ample supply of high quality water which is widely used for irrigation, municipal and industrial purposes, recreation, and fish and wildlife. Recently, energy companies have attempted to obtain water rights in the Yellowstone basin for energy conversion facilities in coal-rich southeastern Montana. Existing users fear that energy diversions will impair their rights, preclude expansion of present beneficial users, degrade water quality, and adversely effect fish and aquatic life. In response to these concerns, the Montana Legislature enacted several laws to regulate water appropriations in the Yellowstone River basin, including means by which state and federal agencies could apply for reservations of water for future beneficial uses. Thereafter, both the Montana Fish and Game Commission and the State Water Quality Bureau formally requested relatively large instream flows to protect fish and wildlife and to maintain water quality. This paper describes Montana's experience through December of 1977 with the administration of water in the Yellowstone basin under these laws; emphasis is placed on the major requests for instream flows. The final resolution of the reservation applications, and the related ramifications, will be discussed in a future paper.     

Carbon storage potential in natural fiber composites

The environmental performance of hemp based natural fiber mat thermoplastic (NMT) has been evaluated in this study by quantifying carbon storage potential and CO₂ emissions and comparing the results with commercially available glass fiber composites. Non-woven mats of hemp fiber and polypropylene matrix were used to make NMT samples by film-stacking method without using any binder aid. The results showed that hemp based NMT have compatible or even better strength properties as compared to conventional flax based thermoplastics. A value of 63 MPa for flexural strength is achieved at 64% fiber content by weight. Similarly, impact energy values (84–154 J/m) are also promising. The carbon sequestration and storage by hemp crop through photosynthesis is estimated by quantifying dry biomass of fibers based on one metric ton of NMT. A value of 325 kg carbon per metric ton of hemp based composite is estimated which can be stored by the product during its useful life. An extra 22% carbon storage can be achieved by increasing the compression ratio by 13% while maintaining same flexural strength. Further, net carbon sequestration by industrial hemp crop is estimated as 0.67 ton/h/year, which is compatible to all USA urban trees and very close to naturally, regenerated forests. A comparative life cycle analysis focused on non-renewable energy consumption of natural and glass fiber composites shows that a net saving of 50 000 MJ (3 ton CO₂ emissions) per ton of thermoplastic can be achieved by replacing 30% glass fiber reinforcement with 65% hemp fiber. It is further estimated that 3.07 million ton CO₂ emissions (4.3% of total USA industrial emissions) and 1.19 million m³ crude oil (1.0% of total Canadian oil consumption) can be saved by substituting 50% fiber glass plastics with natural fiber composites in North American auto applications. However, to compete with glass fiber effectively, further research is needed to improve natural fiber processing, interfacial bonding and control moisture sensitivity in longer run.     

生物技术与植物纤维性废弃资源的综合利用

禾谷类作物的秸秆、棉籽壳、椰子壳、甘蔗渣、菠萝和香蕉叶等农业废弃物含有丰富的生物纤维,是一种可再生和再利用的植物纤维性资源。生物纤维是食品、医药、纺织、造纸、复合材料和精细化工等工业的重要原料。全球每年所产农业废弃物中生物纤维总量约2×10¹¹t,我国每年可产农作物秸秆约6×10⁸t,蔗渣和蔗梢约2000×10⁴t,油料秸秆约3000×10⁴t。生物技术的发展极大地促进了农业废弃物中生物纤维资源的开发和综合利用,催生了多种新型环境友好的“绿色”工业。论文分析了农业废弃物中生物纤维的理化特性以及工业化应用价值及途径,重点论述生物技术在以植物纤维性资源为原料生产单细胞蛋白、酶制剂、乳酸、木糖醇、生物可降解复合材料、燃料酒精和生物电能等方面的研发进展,并讨论植物纤维性资源综合利用目前存在的问题和挑战以及发展前景。     

浅议生物传感器在环境监测中的应用

生物传感器是一项综合了多门学科的高新技术,具有特异性好、灵敏度高、分析速度快、能在复杂体系中在线连续监测等特点,被广泛用于多个领域。本文详细介绍了生物传感器相关知识,讨论了生物传感器在环境监测领域中的应用。